Combaterea preturilor excesive

Combaterea preturilor excesive

In primul rand, cum bine se stie, autoritatile de reglementare, cu avizul Ministerului Economiei si Finantelor, stabilesc preturile si tarifele practicate in activitatile economice specifice. Lipsa de transparenta justifica existenta preturilor mult mai mari decat ale costurilor.

In al doilea rand, controlul preturilor poate fi exercitat de Guvern, cu avizul Consiliului Concurentei, in sectoarele economice unde concurenta este exclusa sau substantial restransa, prin efectul unei legi, datorita existentei unei pozitii de monopol sau a unei situatii de criza, pentru o perioada de cel mult 3 ani, putand fi extinsa in imprejurari exceptionale (art. 4 din Legea Concurentei).

In al treilea rand, Consiliul Concurentei are menirea de a elimina denaturarile concurentei induse de practicile exprese sau tacite ale agentilor economici de fixare a preturilor de vanzare ori de cumparare, a tarifelor, a adaosurilor si a oricaror alte conditii comerciale (art. 5). Dupa cartelurile interzise, cinci la numar in 1999 si doar unul singur in 2006, ai spune ca piata functioneaza pe criterii tot mai echitabile. Realitatea o infirma insa rapid. Apoi, nu sunt putine cazurile in care partenerii comerciali "se bucura" de conditii inegale la prestatii echivalente, provocand unora dintre ei, in acest fel, un dezavantaj in pozitia concurentiala. Nici cazurile de exploatare a starii de dependenta a unui agent economic sau a consumatorilor pe o piata nu ne sunt straine. Nici chiar practicarea unor preturi excesive pe piata interna care sa poata sustine vanzarea la export sub costul de productie (art. 6). Din pacate, Consiliul Concurentei nu are in palmares prea multe investigatii in acest sens si, cu atat mai putin, interdictii si sanctiuni. Cautarile noastre au evidentiat un singur caz de amenda aplicata in 2004 impotriva unui agent economic care, dupa concentrarea economica initiata, si-a crescut preturile cu 50% (Vass, 2007). El a fost obligat sa le reduca si sa prezinte trimestrial, timp de doi ani, situatia financiara lunara si fundamentarea costurilor, iar semestrial situatiile privind negocierile purtate cu beneficiarii produselor sale in vederea stabilirii preturilor in conditii de piata (Decizia 329/2004).

Efectul este scontat: pe de o parte, preturile majorate subtiaza fortat buzunarele consumatorilor interni, fara a reflecta raportul pret-calitate, interactiunea cererii si ofertei sau investitiile in cercetare, dezvoltare si inovare, pe scurt, nefundamentate economic; pe de alta parte, preturile excesive insotesc rentabilitati si profituri ale agentilor economici non-inovatori nejustificat de mari. Anomalia nu se opreste aici, cei din urma continuand sa castige cote de piata tot mai largi si, astfel, pozitia dominanta riscand sa conduca la abuzul impunerii unor preturi mult prea ridicate.

Nu in ultimul rand, dupa 1 ianuarie 2007, Consiliul Concurentei are o alta atributie vrednica a fi luata in seama, dar neactivata pana acum, pentru remedierea comportamentului anticoncurential al autoritatilor publice legiuitoare. Mai concret, el poate declara inaplicabil un act normativ care favorizeaza sau conduce la practici anticoncurentiale, dupa care poate aplica si sanctiuni agentilor economici care continua sa se conformeaza acelei legi, decizii sau hotarari guvernamentale. Comportamentele pe piata pot fi astfel corectate, dar in lipsa responsabilizarii, lipsesc parghiile specifice de coercitie in sensul modificarii actului legislativ vizat, ca in cazul irlandezilor.

Autoritatile guvernamentale, Consiliul Concurentei, BNR, mediul de afaceri si analistii economici au cu totii partea lor de responsabilitate. Neputinta romanilor de a reduce inflatia si de a eficientiza pietele sta, asadar, sub zodia culturii concurentiale deficitare. Concurenta este distorsionata, iar autoritatile statului care trebuie sa actioneze in favoarea normalizarii comportamentelor pe piata o fac inca neconvingator si nu sunt sustinute de actorii economici si consumatori.

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