International Economy test

International Economy test

True/False

Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false.

__F__            1. The theory of world economy is not a part of economic science and has a theoretical and methodological support in the general economic theory.

__F__            2. The theory of world economy provides conclusions and theoretical generalizations that result from a comparative and dynamic study of international economies and national economic relations.

__F__            3. There is a broader vision of international economy that comprises both the concept of national economy and that of national economic relations.

__T__           4. We could  express the relation between the two concepts (national and international economy) as follows:

international economy = world economy + international economic relations and their mechanisms.

__T__           5. The international economy is a system that consists in fundamental components - national economies, transnational societies, inter-state economic organizations - and derivative elements that serve as connections: international division of labour, international economic relations, international economic order, global problems and their solutions.

__T__           6. Research in international economy requires following the real history of how phenomena developed and their adequate reflection.

__F__            7. The international economy is a system that consists in fundamental components - international economies, transnational societies, inter-state economic organizations - and derivative elements that serve as connections: national division of labour, national economic relations, national economic order, global problems and their solutions.

__T__           8. The international comparisons indicate the degree of development and allow to each country to understand its place in the world economy, to elaborate a set of priorities and an adequate strategy of development.

__T__           9. When society reaches a certain development level, a process of nation formation and centralization of the national state takes place.

__F__            10. The international economy is based on a population with unitary ethnicity (there are exceptions: in countries like Switzerland and Belgium the population consists in two or three ethnic groups; there are also countries with national minorities), a territory marked by borders inside of which it exerts sovereignty as an international state, production apparatus, an infrastructure that connects various regions and institutions that are specific to the enforced political and state regime.

__T__           11. When it reaches a certain level of development, the national economy ceases its autarchic development in isolation of the other states; it is the moment when the international division of labour emerges, the international economic exchanges take place, the national economy opens to the external world, dependence on the world markets increases, economic interdependencies become stronger.

__T__           12. The factors that determine the participation of states in the international economic circuit are the driving forces of progress and prosperity of the national economies and of international economy as a whole.

__F__            13. The productive and personal consumption develops and diversifies slower than the possibilities of the internal production to entirely satisfy them at a satisfactory technical and economic level.

__F__            14. All the small and medium countries have an external market that limits the production at a level inferior to the actual level of organization and automatisation of production.

__F__            15. The development of modern techniques and technologies surpass the scientific research possibilities of a sole country or company.

__F__            16. The growing need for basic products (raw materials) overpasses the volume or the diversity of the external production of raw materials.

__T__           17. Most countries do not have the adequate dimensions to achieve satisfactory levels of production and consumption; they cannot reach the economic efficiency level of a large serial production.

__T__           18.

Besides the GDP per capita there are also other level indicators: the energy consumption (that shows what are the means - manual or mechanical - to obtain the national production), labour productivity, the profitability of plant and animal production, the average life expectancy, the food status, etc.

_T___           19. UNDP calculates annually this synthetic human development index and it takes into account the following indicators: the average life expectancy, the literacy level, GDP per capita, life expectancy index, education level index, GDP.

_T___           20. The international economic order is determined by the mutations taking place in the international economy and it actively influences, in its turn, the development of national economies (basic cells of the international economy), the evolution and effects of the international division of labour, the international economy flows, all the elements (structures) that compose the international economy.

__F__            21. A basic component of the international order is the state of the international economies as a foundation of the national economic context representing the main purpose of the international economic realities.

_T___           22. The types and models of international division of labour have an important role in the international division of labour.

___T_           23.

The international economic relations went through qualitative and quantitative changes corresponding to the various stages of order evolution.

_F__ 24. The methods, levers, techniques and instruments to carry on economic exchanges the mechanism of international economic relations, are continuously changing and adapting as national economy evolves, depending on its structure and on the requirements of historic progress.

__F__            25. The national economic order includes an adequate institutional context, having a structure that depends on the structure of the international economy and of the other elements of the international order.

__F__            26. An important element of the international economic order is the legal national frame, the norms and rules that govern and regulate the national relations on the basis of legal or force principles transmitted from one historical stage to the other.

__T__           27. The international cultural and social context is important for the international economic order.

__T__           28. An important objective of the new international economic order should be the eradication of underdevelopment, of economic differences and ensuring  civilized living conditions for all people.

__F__            29. In order to set up a new international economic order the current international division of labour doesn't need to be restructured.

__F__            30. In order to set up a new national economic order the developing countries should be involved in advanced forms of economic cooperation.

__F__            31. It is important to create balanced mechanisms in the international economic relations as a means to set up a new national economic order.

_F___            32. The set up of a new national economic order requires a better international institutional context that supports stronger economic cooperation and economic development both for individual countries and for the international economy as a whole.

__T__           33. The set up of a new international economic order relies on the restructuring of the legal system and on extensive promotion of new principles, norms and rules of international law.

__T__           34. Economic underdevelopment decelerates development of the respective country and of the developed countries.

__T__           35. National strategies for development consist in objectives, sources and actions that refer to the capitalization of the internal and external factors of development.

__F__            36. States are not different in terms of dimensions, resources and raw materials, fuel, workforce, agricultural land, geo-climate conditions and environment.

_F___            37. The national strategies of development can follow a unique model for industrialization, agricultural development, science and technique, etc.

__T_              38. The international strategies of development consist in objectives, sources and actions adopted by the international community (United Nations Organization and its specialist institutions) in order to support the economic development of the developing countries.

__T__           39. The United Nations Organization and its specialised institutions' role complements the national strategy and their mission is to ensure international conditions favourable to implementing national strategies where they really exist.

__F__            40. The international community doesn't assist the developing countries through programmes or projects.

_T___           41. The international economic crisis and the sector crisis indicate the existing global problems of the international economy.

__F__            42. The international economy, both as a global system and in its subsystems cannot develop in the context of economic, political and military contradictions.

__T__           43. Periodical economic crisis are inherent to national economies.

_T___           44. Besides the cyclic crisis, international economy has also known situational crisis over short periods of time.

__T__           45. The international economic crisis is planetary as it affects all the states of the world and it cannot be located in a group of countries.

__F__            46. The international economic crisis is structural; it can be solved in the same way as the  long cycle crisis because it is repeatable.

___T_           47. The international economic crisis is complex, as it has all the basic elements of the international economy: national economies of the states, international division of labour, international economic relations, international economic order.

__T__           48. The international economic crisis is intertwined with, determined by and it reflects the political, strategic and military international relations.

__T__           49. Solutions to the current international economic crisis should be found and coherently applied both nationally and internationally.

__T__           50. The global problems of an international economy that is in a critical state generate and are aggravated by the international economic crisis.

__T_              51. One of the essential issues when characterizing population is the dimension and dynamics of world population.

__T__           52. In 2008 the world population overpasses 6.5 billions

__F__            53. According to research into the history of world population, there is a tendency of absolute diminishing of the population, because of the hardships encountered in time (wars, epidemics, natural disasters).

__F__            54. The world currently grows annually with 70-80 millions and this proves that birth rate is lower than mortality rate.

__T__           55. During mankind infancy until the era of agriculture (some 8.000 years ago), there are estimates that the total number of inhabitants on earth reached around 5 -10 million people.

__T__           56.

2000 years ago, the Earth population is estimated to have been 200 - 400 million inhabitants.

__T__           57. During the first two thousand years of our era world population grows and it reaches to 1 billion inhabitants in 1800.

__T__           58.

While the first billion needed approximately 1 million of years the subsequent billions will be reached in far less time.Thus, the second billion needed only 130 years (approx. in 1930), the third billion needed 20 years (around 1950), the fourth billion needed 15 years (around 1975) and the fifth billion only 12 years (around 1987). For the sixth billion it took only 10 years so that in 2000 the world population reached 6.3 billions.

__T__           59. Demographic dynamics depends on two categories of factors: a) natural factors (biologic) and b) social and economic factors, this latter category having a decisive role in the demographic growth.

_F___ 60. The analysis of the demographic dynamics reveals that the developing countries have the lowest population growth rates.

__T__ 61. The world population has suffered another important mutation: the population age structure has modified.

__F__            62. The shortage of the average life expectancy at birth has a special significance for the population's dynamics and for its structure evolution.

__F__            63. Female fertility has a tendency to increase as results of the family planning, industrialization and urbanization, larger schooling, women' emancipation, women's participation in the economic and social life, the right of the couple to decide how many children they want and how often, etc.

__T__ 64. The ratio between urban and rural population is very important in the evolution of the structure of world population.

__T__           65. There are no essential changes in the gender structure of the population. We cannot predict how the situation will change should science be able to predetermine the foetus gender.

__T__           66. Rapid demographic growth can, on the one hand, be a burden for the development resources and, on the other hand, a development factor.

__T__           67. Demographic dynamics depends on two categories of factors: natural factors (biologic) and social and economic factors, this latter category having a decisive role in the demographic growth.

__T__           68. Rapid demographic growth can, on the one hand, be a burden for the development resources and, on the other hand, a development factor.

__F__            69. There is no doubt that farm lands, fuel resources and raw materials aren't limited and this raises the issue of the relation between population and resources.

__F__            70. Food resources haven't a direct relation with population.

__T__           71. The relation population - energy resources raises important problems.

_T___           72. Over 80% of the world energy resources consumption is achieved by the population of the developed countries which represents 20% of the world population.

__T__           73. Vegetal production currently represents 55-60% of the world agriculture while animal production represents 40-45%.

__T__           74. In developing countries vegetal production accounts for 40% while animal production for 55-60%.

__T__           75. World agricultural production can either increase extensively or intensively.

__T__           76. Food quantity is determined by a representative and synthetic indicator: the average energy consumption measured by the daily intake of calories of an individual.

__T__           77. Food crisis is not contextual, but structural.

__T__           78. The United Nations Organization, FAO especially, follow the evolution of world food security in order to preserve a balance in the world economy.

__F__            79. According to FAO calculations, the minimum acceptable level for the degree of world food security is 50%.

__F__            80. The food security degree indicator normally varies between 47% and 50%.

__T__           81. Natural resources and human society are closely interdependent: the development of human society depends on the how it knows and uses the natural resources.

__F__            82. The value of the industrial production in the developed countries is 50 times higher than in the developing countries.

_T___           83. Soft industry represents those industrial branches that process industrial consumption goods and the heavy industry represents the branches that process the production means for both the soft industry and for the heavy industry.

__F__            84. In quantitative terms, the most widespread indicator is the GDP per capita which is currently 36 times bigger in the developed countries than in the developing countries (16:1).

__T__           85. The United Nations Organization for Industrial Development has an important role in the development of industry and industrialization.

__T__           86. The environmental imbalance results in the destruction of the ecosystems and, implicitly, of the interdependence between the living bodies and their natural environment.

__F__            87. The balance of an environmental system is reflected in the harmony between the organic and anorganic matter.

__T__           88. There are various ways to protect the environment, such as: wise exploitation of human resources; forest protection and preservation, fighting soil erosion; rational use of chemical fertilizers, herbicides or pesticides; setting environmental standards on the admitted pollution level; residua and wastes scientific processing and recycling; developing and using antipollution devices; ecological training.

__T__           89. The main pollutants are: sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide.

__T__           90. A vital issue for mankind is the water crisis which results in the reduction of the amount of water and in the deterioration of the quality of drinking water.

__T__           91. A serious tendency of deforestation takes shape; it is estimated to annually vary from 14 to 20 million hectares.

__T__           92. Eco-development means economic development in complex relation with the natural environment, based on man's reconciliation with nature and with himself.

__T__           93. Each nation, each government must enforce regulations to influence the pollutants' behaviour (taxes, duties, licenses, standards, norms), implement environmental incentives and constraints directly resulting in the installation of pollution reduction and control technology.

__F__            94. The international economic cooperation takes three main shapes: unilateral, bilateral and multilateral.

__T__           95. The bilateral cooperation has been and will be the main form underlying the world economic circuit.

__T__           96. In 1995, GATT becomes the World Trade Organization, UN specialized institution.

__T__           97. The transnational companies developed particularly in the '70s, as a reflection of their technology and capital.

__T__           98. An important indicator measuring the activity of the transnational companies abroad is the transnationalization index.

_T___           99. The transnationalization index - which is similar by meaning to the export quota for the foreign trade - reconfirms that the transnational companies active in economically developed countries, have a relatively lower transnationalization index, although the assets, sales and workforce in the foreign subsidiaries reach a very high level.

Multiple Choice

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

100. The theory of world economy researches:

1.causes and tendencies in the development of international economic relations due to mutations in the international division of labour;

2.interdependences between these relations in the world economic circuit;

3.correlations among the national economies and international economic relations;

4.the relations between national and international in the contemporary economic development.

101. Among the premises for the formation and development of the international economy it is worth mentioning:

1.the development of the production factors;

2.the emergence of the world market;

3.the open economy that is market orientated;

4.the shift from microeconomic to macroeconomic and to world economic level.

102. Stages of the world economy are :

1.internationalisation through foreign trade;

2.harmonization of commercial balances;

3.transnationalisation;

4.strong integration of the economic activity over the planet;

5.economic globalization tendency.

103. The main tendencies and characteristics of international economy are:

1.the developed countries pass from the geopolitical era to the geoeconomic era;

2.the competition for cutting edge technologies intensifies;

3.the ecologic competence;

4.the transnationality;

5.attention focus on flexible production;

6.change of priorities in economic policy;

7.the developed countries pass from the geoeconomic era to the geopolitical era.

104. The issues of diminishing differences and eradicating economic underdevelopment is a matter of concern for mankind, all the economic, political and scientific circles in the world. These concerns can be grouped as follows:

1.conditions to reduce economic differences;

2. conditions to reduce socio-politic differences;

3. factors to reduce economic differences;

4. national and international strategies of development directed towards reduction of differences and bringing closer the levels of economic development.

105. Reducing differences and eradication of underdevelopment requires first of all to determine the conditions for a gradual elimination of absolute and relative differences. This is a process in two stages:

1.the stage where relative differences diminish while absolute differences can - for certain countries - go on deepening;

2.the stage where absolute differences diminish while  relative differences can go on deepening;

3. the stage where both relative and  differences diminish;

4. the stage where both absolute and relative differences grow.

Lucrare: Motivatia si satisfctia in munca -premisele reusitei si succesului profesional Lucrare: Procesul asigurarea calitatii - tratarea produsului neconform

106.

The main features of the global problems in the international economy are the following:

1. global problems are in a conflict, critical state;

2. global problems play a major, vital and decisive role in the national and international progress;

3. global problems reach world, global, planetary and international dimensions and this negatively affects all the states, both directly and indirectly;

4. solving global problems requires more than "half measures", superficial adjustments; it needs radical changes, deep restructuring of national economies and international economic relations;

5. global problems cannot be solved by a few states, they require participation of all states.

6. global problems cannot be solved by force or by dictate but by international cooperation, by finding solutions that are advantageous for all the states.

107.

Some of the global main problems of the international economy are the following:

1.the energy problem;

2.the raw materials problem;

3.the demographic and demo-economic problems;

4.the world food problem;

5.the ecological or environmental problem;

6. the democracy problem;

7.the problems of technical mode of production and the economic growth type and the economic development models;

8.the problems of science and technology, access to new, cutting edge technologies and technology transfer;

9.the birocracy problem;

10.the problems of economic differences, underdevelopment and foreign debt;

11.the problems of restructuring the international division of labour and the mechanisms of international economic relations;

12. the fundamentalists problem;

13.the problem of arming and disarming race, of the political and military relations in the world;

14.the problem of democratization of the international economic organizations and of the international legal framework;

15.the problem of the humanity common patrimony (planetary ocean and extraterrestrial space).

108. Depending on their duration, economic cycles can be classified in:

1.long cycles (Kondratieff)

2.medium cycles

3.short cycles (that comprise inflation cycle, stock  variability)

4.very short cycles (of only 2-3 months , up to 5-6 months)

109. The crisis of the international economic relations are:

1)the crisis of the international monetary system

2)the crisis of the international trade system

3)the crisis of the international mechanisms of delivery

4)the crisis of the international technology transfer

5)the crisis of the interest rates and prices mechanisms

6)the crisis of foreign debt

7)the crisis of internal  birocracy

110. A systemic approach of international crisis allows us to formulate a typology of national and international economic crisis as ways of manifestation:

1) Crisis of the production apparatus

2) Crisis of the resources and environment of the development

3) Crisis of the international division of labour and of the mechanisms of the international economic relations

4) Crisis of international economic order

5) Crisis of the economic theories and of trade policies

111. When classifying the ways to solve international economic crisis we can use various criteria, as follows:

1) Short and medium term crisis

2) Medium and long term crisis

3) Very long term crisis

112. The solutions to short and medium term crisis are the following:

1.reduction of the foreign debt burden for the developing countries;

2.provide access to external financial sources in balanced conditions for the developing countries;

3.fight protectionism and eliminate all the obstacles that hinder the international economic flows;

4.achieve an equitable balance between the prices of the raw materials and the prices of the industrial products;

5.start global negotiations for restructuring international economy, international economic relations and international economic order;

6.revive the economic development in all countries.

113. The solutions to medium and long term crisis are the following:

1.restructuring of the technical mode of production in all countries;

2.promotion of new techniques and technologies for all the states of the world;

3. promotion of new types of economic growth and of new models of economic development;

4.adoption, as result of global negotiations, of new international economic mechanisms;

5. stronger development of the developing countries;

6. reduction of economic, industrial, technological and food differences;

7.optimization of economic structures both nationally and globally;

8.adapting the economic and trade policies to the requirements of the solutions of current international economic crisis;

9. reduction and elimination of the arming race;

10.reduction of political differences;

11. progress of the economic and managerial mentalities of the economic and political decision makers.

114.

The demographic dynamics is influenced by the following factors:

1. the life standard

2. the level of culture and education

3. the evolution of the population age structure

4. the natural living conditions

5. the demographic policies of the states

115. World population can and must be analyzed from the standpoint of structural evolution, as follows:

1) the developing countries have the highest population growth rates

2) the population age structure has modified

3) the growth of the average life expectancy at birth has a special significance for the population's dynamics and for its structure evolution

4) the population is in dangerously tendency to increase too much in developed countries

5) female fertility has a tendency to decrease

6) the ratio between urban and rural population is very important in the evolution of the structure of world population

7) there are no essential changes in the gender structure of the population

116.

A lot of factors can influence the evolution of the labour force, as:

1)the population itself, especially its dimension and dynamics;

2)the population age structure as labour force ;

3)the schooling;

4)the occupation degree of the labour force;

5)the international migration of the labour force;

6)the degree of national migration;

7)the structure of labour force on branches and sectors;

8)the relation population - development .

117. The demographic and economic crisis has multiple manifestations, as:

1.the demographic explosion in the developing countries;

2.absolute decrease of the population in many developed countries;

3.total, partial or latent unemployment;

4.existence of many vacancies that cannot be filled with adequate labourforce in terms of qualifications, age, sex, etc.;

5.labour force international migration;

6.the demographic explosion in the developed countries;

7.birth and mortality imbalance in many regions of the world.

118.

FThe functions  of agriculture in contemporary world are:

1) it creates jobs for the population;

2) it creates raw materials resources for the processing industry; these resources are renewable;

3) it creates currency resources that result from the exports of agricultural and food products or from savings of foreign currency as result of providing internal market with domestic products;

4) agriculture is the main source of food for menkind ;

5) it creates job for women

6) agriculture preserves the environment.

119. The intensive growth implies varied factors, as:

1) the use of chemical products 

2) irrigations

3) the mechanization of agriculture

4) qualified and physically fit labour force

120. Food crisis takes the following  shapes :

1) under nourishment ;

2) malnutrition ;

3) famine

121. In order to sketch a typology of resources we can use various criteria, as:

1)   Depending on the nature and features of the environment where resources are extracted;

2)   Depending on the degree of usage of natural resources;

3)   Depending on the quantity of useful substance ;

4)   Depending on the results obtained after processing the natural resources;

5)   Depending on the criteria of reusing resources;

6)   Depending on the knowledge and location of the resources;

7)Depending on the degree of usage of  natural and international resources;

8)   Depending on the degree of knowledge and location of the resources.

122. Natural resources play a less and less important role due to the following reasons:

1. world population and the demand of natural resources becomes stable;

2. material intensive technologies are less frequently used and modern technologies emerge that use less resources;

3. raw materials are better capitalized;

4. development of synthetic replacements;

5. substitution of some natural resources with others

6. products are increasingly becoming smaller and this implies diminished consumption of raw materials;

7. discovery of new natural resources or new properties ;

8. reaching of a saturation degree in material infrastructure ;

9. higher degree of resource recycling;

10. higher contribution to GDP of services that involve low consumption of raw materials;

11. higher prices for raw materials and energy as an incentive for the users to save raw materials and energy.

123. The economic growth models have diversified, new types of growth emerged:

1)   exponential growth;

2)   "zero" type growth;

3)   organic growth.

____ 124. Characteristics of the crisis of raw materials and energy resources are:

1.global, international;

2.structural, not cyclical;

3. multi-dimensional.

125. Causes of the crisis of raw materials and energy resources are:

1.collapse of the colonial system and affirmation of the sovereign right that a state has over its natural resources;

2.preservation of an international sector division that places some countries in the role of providers of basic products;

3.substantial and long lasting waste of resources, especially in the developed countries;

4.persisting discouragement to use innovative technologies that save resources;

5.promotion of technologies that are energy and materials intensive;

6.lack of adequate techniques to purify and protect the environment;

7.currency devaluation and inflation have encouraged underground stocks of natural resources in the hope that better prices could be obtained in the future (surface stocks are very expensive);

8.the arming race;

9.some natural resources and types of energy are limited and close to exhaustion, especially those that are closer to the earth surface, on shore and in easily accessible places;

10.the most serious problem that mankind is confronted with is the available energy resources as fossil fuels are very close to exhaustion stage and cannot be renewed.

126. Manifestations of the crisis of raw materials and energy are varied:

1. the shortage of raw materials and energy resources, slow down, stagnation or even shrinkage of such resources;

2. relocation of some polluting and resources intensive industrial branches in the developing countries;

3. accelerated increase of prices for some natural resources both locally and internationally;

4. slow down and confusion in the international trade with raw materials and fuels;

5. imbalance of the external payments balance of countries that import natural resources;

6. continuous degradation of the economic situation of some developing countries that lack resources;

7. environmental imbalance;

8. relocation of some polluting and resources intensive industrial branches in the developed countries.

127. The ways to overpass the raw materials and energy crisis are the following:

1.correct administration of resources and elimination of waste;

2.promotion of equitable prices for the primary products by comparison to the finite products;

3.exploitation of poorer resources that are more difficult to access or are located in the sea or ocean continental platforms;

4.promotion of new extraction and processing technologies;

5.decrease of specific resources consumption per finite product unit;

6.use of alternative, non-conventional energy resources;

7.use of cheaper replacements that have a higher use value;

8.technological restructuring of production through the assimilation of products with low consumption of natural resources;

9.development of the reuse of residues and waste by creating a recycling industry.

128.

Depending on the role and weight of the industry in the economy, we currently distinguish the following groups of countries:

1.industrial countries ;

2.industrial and agricultural countries;

3.agricultural and industrial countries ;

4.agricultural countries,

5.underdeveloped countries .

129.

Generally, the following diverging factors are responsible for environmental degradation:

1.Economic underdevelopment, poverty, insufficient water supplies, deforestations, various types of soil degradation, increase in population;

2.Increased economic activity resulting in industrial and agricultural pollution, excessive use of water, intensive exploitation of agricultural lands;

3. The environmental issues of various countries depend on their level of development, economic structure and environmental policies.

130. The UN specialized institutions are:

1.The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), established in 1945, seated in Rome; 2. The International Labour Organization, restructured in 1946, seated in Geneva;

3. The Universal Postal Union, established in 1847 (in 1947 it becomes UN Specialized institution, seated in Berne);

4. The International Telecommunication Union, established in 1865 (in 1947 it becomes UN specialized institution, seated in Geneva);

5.The International Civil Aviation Organization, established in 1947, seated in Montreal;

6.The World Meteorological Organization, established in 1947, seated in Geneva;

7.The UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), established in 1946, seated in Paris;

8.The International Atomic Energy Agency, established in 1957, seated in Vienna;

9. The Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization, operating since 1959, seated in London;

10.The International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, established in 1944, seated in Washington.

131. According to the number of members and to their area of provenance, the organizations classify in:

1. organizations with low and limited number of members;

2. open regional or world organizations;

3. national organizations.

132.

According to the legal principles, there are the following types of organizations::

1.international organizations;

2.supranational organizations;

3.national organizations.

133. According to the members' legal nature, they classify the organizations in:

1.intergovernmental organizations;

2.nongovernmental organizations;

3.depart-governmental organizations.

134. According to the capacity of the members and to the articles of association, there are:

1.organizations based on the founding members' participation;

2.organizations based on the full fledged members' participation;

3.organizations based on the permanent, associated and observatory members' participation;

4.organizations based on the basic members' participation.

135. According to the territorial or geographical criterion, the organizations classify in:

1.supra-regional organizations

2.world organizations;

3.regional organizations;

4.sub-regional organizations;

136.

According to their object, there are the following organizations:

1.general organizations ;

2.sector organizations ;

3.basic organizations.

137.

According to their relations with the UN, the organizations classify in:

1.agencies, institutions and programmes, part of the UN, such as: ECOSOC, the UN Environment Programme, the UN Development Institute, PNUD, UN Population Fund, World Food Programme, ONUDI, UNCTAD and the like.

2.independent international organizations, having a consultative status in their relation with the UN on specific issues. Such organizations are: The International Labour Organization, FAO, FMI, BIRD, World Health Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, World Trade Organization and the like. These organizations cooperate with the UN on the basis of conventions;

3.governmental or nongovernmental international organizations, not having convention-based cooperation relations with the UN, although they are strictly connected (The European Union, OCDE, the Latin America Andean Group and the like)

138. We briefly present the contribution of the international economic organizations to the development of interstate cooperation, as follows:

1. organizing the information and national experiences exchange and elaborating studies and reports;

2. encouraging interstate cooperation in the states' filed of activity and elaborating recommendations and rules;

3. drawing pilot-projects, as guides for the development process;

4. adopting international standards to facilitate dialogue and international communication;

5. the entire international community concentrates its material and intellectual resources to support the member states progress efforts.

139.

From the economic point of view, both the transnational company concept and the multinational company concept present the following features:

1. high capital consisting of payments made by large firms and of contributions of companies from the provenance country or from other countries.

2. the investment, production and trading activities are conducted in the subsidiaries operating in at least 6 countries;

3. a transnational company deals with economic transactions, such as: production, banking, research, development, trading, insurance transactions;

4. the turnover usually exceeds 1 billion dollars, but most corporate turnovers exceed 50-70 billion dollars (the highest amounts to 100 billion dollars); some transnational companies have lower turnovers (below 1 billion dollars), but they activate in top fields and often hold a special monopoly.

5. the transnational companies' activity is based on foreign direct investments, which enable the exercise of managerial control.

140.

The transnational companies enter and develop their own production facilities through various ways, such as:

1.the set up of new firms following foreign investments;

2.profit reinvestment in the existing companies or in the set up of new companies;

3.the organization of sub-contracting or joint ventures in cooperation with the domestic capital.

4.the conversion of some states external debts in foreign investments;

5.the participation in the privatisation of public companies either through direct negotiations or by means of capital market;

6.the set up of old firms following national investments.

141.

The transnational companies play an important role in the following fields:

1. In the financial and banking field;

2. At the level of the economic development of the host country;

3. At technological level;

4. In international trade;

5. In the services sector;

6. At the environmental level;

7. At the world level;

8. At political level .

142.

The interstate economic integration has various meanings in the specialist literature:

1.shift from micro space to macro space, "development of larger economic systems";

2.lack of discrimination or progressive elimination of discrimination in interstate economic relations;

3.balanced and efficient economic interstate relations;

4.shift from macro space to micro space.

Completion

Complete each sentence or statement.

143.

The international economy can be defined as the result of putting together the national economies of the states of the world, linked together by international economic relations generated by the objectively necessary participation of the states of the world in the international division of labour and in the international economic circuit, based on an international economic order specific to a certain historical stage that develops in the context of international global and sector problems and of the international economic frame.

144. the world economy studies the national economies, the global problems, the international organizations, the international markets context while the international economy studies all the interdependent international economic flows (international trade in goods, invisible trade, international financial relations, investments, international capital), the international prices, the international interest rates, exchange rates, external payments balances, external debt, international economic mechanisms (monetary mechanisms, prices mechanism, interest rate mechanism).

145.

The national economyhas a macrostructure that consists in economic sectors, economic branches that provide unity and diversity of the economic activities within the national state.

146.

We are presently experiencing the development of economic globalisation or internationalization where the trade borders (not the state borders) become permeable through international trade, international institutions, exchange of services, international circulation of persons, etc.

147. National economy is characterized by indicators that differentiate it from other economies: the structure of the national economy, the potential of the national economy, the level of economic development, the rhythm of economic growth, the geographic position, etc.

148. Some international classifications group the countries in three categories: developed countries, developing countries and countries with central planned economies (these latter are also known as socialist countries).

149. The international economic order is a complex part of the international economy, a subsystem of the global system of the international economy. It expresses and rules the connections of the elements of the international economy. The international economic order determines - in forms, methods and specific principles - the functioning of the international economy and its internal dynamic balance.

150. The specific development programmes for developing countries are elaborated and implemented through international organizations, like :

1. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),

2. The International LabourOrganization (ILO),

3.World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF)

4. International Monetary Fund (IMF),

5.United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),

6.World Trade Organization (WTO),

7.United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD),

8.United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO),

9.United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), etc.

151. Besides the world organizations, there are also regional and sub-regional economic bodies (like regional banks for development) that conduct programmes for development assistance in our country , like:

1. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD),

2.The European Bank for Investments (EBI),

3.The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE),

4.The European Union (EU), etc.

152.              Eco-development means economic development in complex relation with the natural environment, based on man's reconciliation with nature and with himself.

153. The transnational company is a large corporation operating simultaneously in several countries; its headquarters ("the parent company") lies in one country, but it operates in several countries, through its subsidiaries ("daughter companies").

Matching

There are currently a lot of criteria for the compared analysis of the states in the international economy. Please, match the criterion with the definition:

__c__            154. The economic potential notion expresses potential and occupied labour force, the degree of capitalization and coverage of the needs the respective state has in terms of raw materials, energy resources, agricultural and food resources, machine tools, technological installations, etc.

_b___           155. This criterion is the widest used in international analysis and comparisons. There are various indicators for measuring this criterion, like: the added value per capita in the processing industry, the GDP per capita, the productivity in various economic branches, the agricultural profitability per ha or per capita (persons occupied with agriculture), the energy consumption per capita or per 1 dollar production, the production and services structure on branches, etc.

__f__            156. Is at present more and more frequently used for purposes of world states classification. It reflects the extent to which a state is involved in the international financial market. 

__d__           157. It reflects a people's degree of civilization. The most significant indicators that measure and characterize this criterion are: the population feeding degree - calories consumption per day/person, the amount of protein consumption per day/person (especially the animal proteins), the inhabitable area per person , the access to drinking water, the average number of inhabitants per bed in hospitals and per medical doctor, the number of students in the total school population, the weight of the literates in the total adult population, the degree of water and air pollution in the urban densely populated areas and many other indicators that reflect various aspects of the quality of life.

__a__           158. Depending on this criterion, the contemporary world states can be grouped in countries with a market economy, countries with a command economy and countries with a transition economy.

__e__           159. Is a criterion for the international analysis and comparison of the states in the contemporary international economy. The analysis of statistical data shows a direct correlation between the degree of participation of the states in the international division of labour and the level of economic development; it also shows an indirect correlation with the economic potential.

Please match the international economic crisis with their  ways of manifestation:

__d__           160. - energy crisis;

- raw materials crisis;

- technological crisis;

- demographic and economic crisis;

- agricultural and food crisis;

- ecological crisis etc.

__c__            161. - economic underdevelopment and deepening of the economic differences;

- crisis of the international institutional system;

- crisis of the international legal system;

- crisis of the international political and military relations;

- crisis generated by the arming race.

__a__           162. - crisis of the technical mode of production;

- crisis of the type of economic growth;

- crisis of the models of economic development.

__b__           163. - crisis of the types and models of international specialization;

- crisis of the international monetary system;

- crisis of the mechanisms of international prices;

- crisis of the mechanisms for international technology transfer;

- crisis of the international financial system and of the foreign debt.

Please match the  following criteria with the typology of resources:

__c__            164. natural resources rich in useful substances and natural resources poor in useful substances;

__e__           165. recyclable ; non-recyclable ; non-usable residues ;

__a__           166. earth, water, air, metal mineral resources, non-metal mineral resources, energy mineral resources and forest resources;

__g__           167. certain resources, probable resources, hypothetical resources and theoretical resources;

__b__           168. useful or useless;

__d__           169. renewable resources ; non-renewable ; reusable;

__f__            170. hypothetical and discovered natural resources.

Please match the types of countries with their definitions:

__b__           171. countries in which industry reaches the end of the industrialization process but the weight of industry does not yet decrease while agriculture covers completely the need of food products.

__d__           172. countries with an underdeveloped economy in which industry does not play a major role, industrialization is on its way, agriculture has a dominant role both in economy and in the labour force occupation but its profitability is low and it does not fulfil the food resources needs that normally undergo food and agricultural crisis.

__a__           173. countries where the industrialization process is accomplished. After reaching climax, the industry weight tends to decrease and the services play a dominant role, reaching more than 50%.

__c__            174. countries in which industry undergoes development both from a relative and absolute stance, industrialization is on its way and agriculture has a higher weight compared to industry in the contribution to GDP and labour force occupation.