Suprafata dorsala a miinii

SUPRAFATA DORSALA A MIINII

Tegumentul de pe partea dorsala a mainii este subtire spre deosebire de cel de pe fata palmara si nu este ancorat de fascia profunda subjacenta si prin aceasta se edematiaza usor. (edemul fetei dorsale constituie un semn de infectie profunde palmara).

Sub tegument exista o retea venoasa bogata, care reprezinta originea venelor cefalica si bazilica. Profund fata de vene se afla tendoanele extensorilor, mai bine evidentiate cand mana si degetele sunt in extensie.

Cu exceptia muschilor interososi dorsali, care vor fi descrisi odata cu suprafata palmara a mainii, nu exista alti muschi intrinseci ai dosului mainii, toate tendoanele din aceasta regiune apartinand muschilor extensori ai antebratului. La trecerea peste articulatiile carpiene, toate aceste tendoane sunt invelite de teci sinoviale si atasate de planul osos profund prin retinaculul extensorilor. (fig.76). Traiectul acestor tendoane este urmatorul:

- abductorul lung al policelui si extensorul scurt al policelui trec printr-o incizura de pe marginea laterala a extremitatii inferioare a fetei dorsale a radiusului. Coborand peste masivul carpian, cei doi muschi formeaza marginea laterala a tabacherei anatomice. Abductorul policelui se insera pe dosul bazei primului metacarpian.

- lungul si scurtul extensor radial al carpului sunt atasati de suprafetele dorsale ale bazelor metacarpienelor 2 si 3.

- extensorul lung al policelui este separat de muschii precedenti printr-un tubercul palpabil la nivelul extremitatii distale a radiusului. Muschiul se roteste lateral peste lungul si scurtul extensor radial ai carpului  pentru a forma marginea mediala a tabacherei anatomice.

- extensorul degetelor si extensorul indexului  sunt inveliti de aceeasi teaca sinoviala.

- extensorul degetului mic trece peste articulatia radioulnara distala invelit intr-o teaca sinoviala proprie.

- extensorul ulnar al carpului  trece peste capul ulnei si se insera pe partea mediala a bazei metacarpianului cinci.

Retinaculul extensorilor

Este o banda fibroasa puternica intinsa oblic dinspre supero-lateral spre infero-medial, intre marginea laterala a radiusului si doua dintre carpienele proximale - piramidalul si pisiformul.(fig.76).

Tendoanele extensorilor lungi la nivelul mainii

Insertia distala a tendoanelor extensorilor degetelor a fost deja mentionata, revenim insa la o detaliere a anumitor aspecte. Pozitia acestora pe suprafata dorsala a mainii favorizeaza extensiunea falangelor, a degetelor pe mana si a mainii pe antebrat.

Tendonul extensorului lung al policelui se insera pe suprafata dorsala a bazei falangei distale a policelui, in jurul careia este insotit si de tendoanele abductorului scurt al policelui, lateral si al adductorul policelui, medial. Acest muschi extinde policele si mana.

Tendonul extensorului scurt al policelui este atasat de dosul bazei falangei proximale a policelui si este extensor al policelui.

Muschiul extensor al degetelor are cate un tendon pentru fiecare dintre degetele doi - cinci. Deasupra fiecarei articulatii metacarpofalangiene tendoanele formeaza expansiunile digitale dorsale. Acestea au forma triunghiulara cu baza proximala si varful distal. Expansiunile digitale dorsale ale indexului si degetului mic sunt unite cu tendoanele extensorilor indexului si auricularului. Pe partile laterale ale acestor expansiuni se ataseaza muschii lombricali si interososi. Expansiunea se ingusteaza inspre falanga proximala si devine partial separata in trei bandelete. Bandeleta centrala se insera pe suprafata dorsala a bazei falangei mijlocii, iar cele laterale se unesc deasupra corpului falangei mijlocii si se insera pe suprafata  dorsala a bazei falangei distale. (fig.77).

Referat: Clasificarea alimentelor permise pentru mentinerea echilibrului ponderal Document online: Trebuie inlocuit zaharul copiilor cu indulcitori?

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Vascularizatia fetei dorsale a mainii

Artera radiala (descrisa detaliat la regiunea palmara) apare pe o scurta distanta pe dosul mainii. Ramura dorsala a carpului impreuna cu ramura dorsala carpiana a arterei ulnare formeaza o arcada arteriala pe fata dorsala a regiunii carpiene, de la nivelul careia pleaca arterele metacarpiene dorsale. Acestea, la randul lor dau arterele digitale dorsale pentru marginile degetelor, cu exceptia policelui si a marginii laterale a indexului. Aceste doua teritorii sunt vascularizate de artere care pornesc direct din artera radiala, inainte ca aceasta sa revina pe fata palmara a mainii.(fig.78). La formarea arcadei carpiene dorsale contribuie si artera interosoasa anterioara, care a strabatut membrana interosoasa, dar si ramurile perforante ale arterelor metacarpiene palmare, care se anastomozeaza cu arterele metacarpiene dorsale. Arcada dorsala si ramurile sale sunt dispuse profund fata de tendoanele muschilor extensori.

Inervatia fetei dorsale a mainii

Pe fata dorsala a mainii nu exista muschi intrinseci, iar ramurile locale ale nervilor radial si ulnar inerveaza tegumentul fetei dorsale a mainii si degetelor.

Ramura superficiala a nervului radial paraseste treimea inferioara a antebratului pe sub tendonul muschiului brahioradial. Apoi, merge spre dosul mainii unde se divide in nervii digitali dorsali ai policelui, indexului, mediusului si jumatatii laterale a inelarului.

Intr-o maniera asemanatoare, ramura dorsala a nervului ulnar trece pe partea interna a dosului mainii, unde prin nervii digitali dorsali inerveaza jumatatea mediala a inelarului si degetul mic.

- nervul radial inerveaza tegumentul jumatatii laterale a dosului mainii, precum si marginile adiacente ale primelor sapte degete la nivelul falangelor proximale si medii;

- nervul ulnar inerveaza tegumentul jumatatii mediale a mainii, precum si marginile adiacente ale ultimelor trei degete in totalitate;

- nervul median inerveaza marginile adiacente ale primelor sapte degete la nivelul falangei distale. (fig.79).