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Timplul trecut simplu (Past Tense Simple)



Timplul trecut simplu (Past Tense Simple)


Timplul trecut simplu (Past Tense Simple)


1. Definitie. Past Tense, aspectul simplu, desemneaza un eveniment definit care a avut loc pe axa trecutului (evenimentul este amintit in momentul prezent).

2. Forma. Marca timpului Past Tense simplu este, la verbele regulate, -ed: We listened to the concert last night. Am ascultat concertul aseara.

3. Pronuntarea si ortografierea terminatiei -ed este in functie de terminatia infinitivului.

-ed se pronunta:



a) [d] cand verbele se termina in vocala sau consoana sonora [b,g,l,m,n,v,z,dz,_dj_]: play - played [pleid]; arrived  [_a_’raivd];

b) [t] cand verbele se termina in consoana surda [f,k,p,s,_s_,t_s_] like - liked [laikt], cross - crossed [kr_o_st];

c) [id] cand verbele se termina in -t sau -d: want - wanted [‘w_o_ntid]; nod - nodded [‘n_o_did];

Particularitati ortografice ale terminatiei -ed:

a) consoana finala a formei de infinitiv se dubleaza cand vocala care o precede este scurta si accentuata: stop - stopped; prefer - preferred.


Nota:

1. Consoana finala se dubleaza la cateva verbe, desi silaba finala nu este accentuata: kidnap - kidnapped; handicap - handicapped; worship - worshipped; iar la verbe terminate in ic, =c se dubleaza in ck: picnic - picnicked.

2. In engleza britanica, verbele terminate in -l dubleaza aceasta consoana, indiferent de accent: control - controlled; travel - travelled.


3. In varianta americana a limbii engleze, -l se dubleaza numai daca ultima silaba este accentuata: controlled, dar: traveled.


b) verbele terminate in -y precedat de consoana il schimba in -i: study - studied;

c) verbele terminate in -e adauga doar -d: move - moved.


4. In ceea ce priveste verbele neregulate, acestea au fost impartite in sapte grupe, in functie de pronuntarea infinitivului, a formei de Paste Tense si a participiului trecut:

1. verbe de tipul:

burn-burnt-burnt

learn-learnt-learnt

lend-lent-lent

spend-spent-spent


2.         creep-crept-crept

leave-left-left

buy-bought-bought

catch-caught-caught


3.         cast-cast-cast

hit-hit-hit

shut-shut-shut

wet-wet-wet


4.         meet-met-met

hang-hung-hung

win-won-won

sit-sat-sat


5.         mow-mowed-mown/mowed

sow-sowed-sown/sowed

swell-swelled-swollen/swelled


6.         wear-wore-worn

grow-grew-grown

give-gave-given

write-wrote-written


7.         begin-began-begun

sing-sang-sung

come-came-come

go-went-gone


Nota:

In functie de formele pe care le au verbele la Past Tense si la participiul trecut, ele se impart in verbe regulate si verbe neregulate.

Verbele regulate formeaza Past Tense si participiul trecut prin adaugarea terminatiei -(e)d la forma de infinitiv: listen (a asculta) - litened (a ascultat) - listened (ascultat).

Verbele neregulate sunt cele care au forme deosebite pentru infinitiv, Past Tense si participiul trecut, care trebuie invatate pe dinafara.


Verbe neregulate



Infinitiv

Past Tense

Participiu trecut

Traducerea infinitivului

arise

arose

arisen

a se ridica

(a)wake(n)

(a)woke

(a)woken

a se trezi

be

was

been

a fi

bear

bore

borne

a purta

beat

beat

beaten

a bate

become

became

become

a deveni

begin

began

begun

a incepe

bend

bent

bent

a se indoi

bid

bid

bid

a ruga, a porunci

bind

bound

bound

a lega

bite

bit

bitten

a musca

bleed

bled

bled

a sangera

blow

blew

blown

a sufla, a bate

break

broke

broken

a sparge

breed

bred

bred

a creste, a educa

bring

brought

brought

a aduce

build

built

built

a construi

burn

burnt

burnt

a arde

burst

burst

burst

a izbucni, a navali, a crapa

buy

bought

bought

a cumpara

cast

cast

cast

a arunca

catch

caught

caught

a prinde

choose

chose

chosen

a alege

cling

clung

clung

a se agata

come

came

come

a veni

cost

cost

cost

a costa

creep

crept

crept

a se tari, a se furisa

cut

cut

cut

a taia

deal

dealt

dealt

a trata, a se ocupa de

dig

dug

dug

a sapa

do

did

done

a face

draw

drew

drawn

a trage, a desena

dream

dreamt

dreamt

a visa

drink

drank

drunk

a bea


drive

drove

driven

a sofa, a mana

dwell

dwelt

dwelt

a locui

eat

ate

eaten

a manca

fall

fell

fallen

a cadea

feed

fed

fed

a hrani

feel

felt

felt

a (se) simti

fight

fought

fought

a (se) lupta

find

found

found

a gasi

flee

fled

fled

a fugi, a se refugia

fling

flung

flung

a arunca

fly

flew

flown

a zbura

forbid

forbad

forbidden

a interzice

forget

forgot

forgotten

a uita

forgive

forgave

forgiven

a ierta

freeze

froze

frozen

a ingheta

get

got

got

a primi, a obtine

give

gave

given

a da

go

went

gone

a merge

grind

ground

ground

a macina

grow

grew

grown

a creste

hang

hung

hung

a atarna

have

had

had

a avea

hear

heard

heard

a auzi

hide

hid

hidden

a (se) ascunde

hit

hit

hit

a lovi

hold

held

held

a tine

hurt

hurt

hurt

a lovi, a rani, a durea

keep

kept

kept

a tine, a pastra

kneel

knelt

knelt

a ingenunchia

knit

knit

knit

a tricota

know

knew

known

a sti, a cunoaste

lay

laid

laid

a pune, a aseza

lead

led

led

a conduce

lean

leant

leant

a se apleca, a se sprijini

leap

leapt

leapt

a sari

learn

learnt

learnt

a invata

leave

left

left

a pleca, a lasa

lend

lent

lent

a da cu imprumut

let

let

let

a lasa, a permite

light

lit

lit

a aprinde

lie

lay

lain

a zacea, a se afla

lose

lost

lost

a pierde

make

made

made

a face

mean

meant

meant

a insemna

mow

mowed

mowed,mown

a cosi

pay

paid

paid

a plati

put

put

put

a pune

read

read

read

a citi

rid

rid

rid

a scapa de, a se descotorosi

ride

rode

ridden

a calari

ring

rang

rung

a suna

rise

rose

risen

a rasari, a se ridica

run

ran

run

a fugi

saw

sawed

sawn,sawed

a taia cu fierastraul

say

said

said

a spune

see

saw

seen

a vedea

seek

sought

sought

a cauta

sell

sold

sold

a vinde

send

sent

sent

a trimite

set

set

set

a pune

sew

sewed

sewn/sewed

a coase

shake

shook

shaken

a scutura, a tremura

shear

sheared

shorn/sheared

a tunde oi

shed

shed

shed

a varsa (lacrimi, sange)

shine

shone

shone

a straluci

shoe

shod

shod

a potcovi

shoot

shot

shot

a impusca

show

showed

shown

a arata

shrink

shrank

shrunk

a se strange, a se scoroji

shut

shut

shut

a inchide

sing

sang

sung

a canta

sink

sank

sunk

a (se) scufunda

sit

sat

sat

a sedea

slay

slew

slain

a ucide

sleep

slept

slept

a dormi

sling

slung

slung

a arunca

slit

slit

slit

a (se) crapa

smell

smelt

smelt

a mirosi

sow

sowed

sown

a semana

speak

spoke

spoken

a vorbi

speed

sped

sped

a grabi, a accelera

spell

spelt

spelt

a ortografia

spend

spent

spent

a cheltui, a petrece

spill

spilt

spilt

a varsa

spin

spun

spun

a toarce

spit

spat

spat

a scuipa

split

split

split

a despica

spoil

spolit

spoilt

a rasfata

spread

spread

spread

a (se) intinde

spring

sprang

sprung

a izvori, a sari

stand

stood

stood

a sta (in picioare)

steal

stole

stolen

a fura, a se furisa

stick

stuck

stuck

a lipi

sting

stung

stung

a intepa

stink

stunk

stunk

a mirosi urat

strew

strewed

strewn

a presara

stride

strode

strode

a merge cu pasi mari

strike

struck

struck

a lovi

string

strung

strung

a insira (pe o ata)

strive

strove

striven

a nazui

sweat

sweat

sweat

a transpira

swear

swore

sworn

a jura, a injura

sweep

swept

swept

a matura

swell

swelled

swollen

a se umfla

swim

swam

swum

a inota

swing

swang

swung

a legana

take

took

taken

a lua

teach

taught

taught

a invata, a preda

tear

tore

torn

a rupe, a sfasia

tell

told

told

a spune, a povesti

think

thought

thought

a (se) gandi

thrive

throve

thriven

a prospera

throw

threw

thrown

a arunca

thrust

thrust

thrust

a infige

tread

trod

trodden

a calca

understand

understood

understood

a intelege

wear

wore

worn

a purta

weave

wove

woven

a tese

wed

wed

wed

a (se) cununa

weep

wept

wept

a plange

wet

wet

wet

a uda

win

won

won

a castiga

wind

wound

wound

a rasuci

wring

wrung

wrung

a stoarce

write

wrote

written

a scrie



5. Intrebuintare. Past Tense simplu este folosit pentru a exprima:

1) o actiune savarsita si incheiata intr-un moment trecut:

a) Momentul in care a avut loc actiunea este de obicei mentionat prin adverbe de timp ca: two hours ago (acum doua ore), yesterday (ieri), last week (saptamana trecuta), in 1970 (in 1970) etc.: I went to the opera last night. Am fost la opera aseara.

Despre acest moment se pot cere informatii prin intrebari incepand cu when, what time, how long ago:

When did you call on him ? Cand ai trecut pe la el?

What time did you call on him ? La ce ora ai trecut pe la el?

How long ago did you call on him ? Cu cata vreme in urma ai trecut pe la el?


I called on him yesterday                                Am trecut pe la el ieri

I called on him at five o’clock                         Am trecut pe la el la ora 5

I called on him a few days ago                       Am trecut pe la el acum cateva zile


b) Actiunea este savarsita si incheiata intr-un anume moment trecut, chiar daca acesta nu este mentionat, el putand fi dedus din context. (In schimb se poate specifica locul actiunii): He shook his head and said no. Dadu din cap dezaprobator si spuse nu. I met him outside museum. M-am intalnit cu el in fata muzeului.

c) Actiunea este savarsita si incheiata intr-un moment trecut care este precizat ca rezultat al unei intrebari si unui raspuns la Present Perfect. A: Have you seen this film? B:Yes, I have. I saw it last week. A:Ai vazut acest film? B: Da, l-am vazut. L-am vazut saptamana trecuta.


Nota: In acest context (c), Past Tense are o functie anaforica, referindu-se la un eveniment deja introdus in vorbire si deci cunoscut: I have been to Constanta. I visited the Aquarium and walked down the pier.


2) o actiune repetata in trecut, care se traduce de obicei prin imperfect in limba romana: I often visited him. Il vizitam adesea.


Nota: 1. O actiune repetata in trecut se mai poate exprima si cu ajutorul verbului modal would (cu valoare “frecventativa”) + infinitiv, aceasta constructie fiind caracteristica limbii literare: He would sit for hours in front of his house, looking at the stars. Statea / obisnuia sa stea ore in sir in fata casei privind stelele.

In vorbirea curenta se foloseste used to + infinitiv: He used to sit for hours in from of his house. Obisnuia sa stea ore in sir in fata casei.

2. Past Tense simplu nu se foloseste niciodata cu valoare generica sau instantanee, ca Present Tense simplu.


3. Past Tense simplu poate fi folosit si cu alte valori temporale:

a) cu valoare de mai mult ca perfect (Past Perfect), pentru redarea unor actiuni succesive in trecut, in special in propozitii circumstantiale de timp introduse de when, after etc.:

He went out to play after he finished his homework.

I saw him before he saw me.

Aceasta folosire a lui Past Tense este caracteristica verbelor care exprima actiuni (activity verbs): He addressed and sealed the envelopes.

b) cu valoare de prezent, pentru a exprima o rugaminte politicoasa prin verbe ca wish, want, wonder, like, intend: I wondered if you could lend me this book. Ma intrebam daca ati putea sa-mi imprumutati cartea.

c) cu valoare de prezent, in vorbirea indirecta, daca verbul din propozitia principala este la un timp trecut:

He told me he was ill.

d) cu valoare de viitor, in propozitii circumstantiale de timp, daca verbul din propozitia principala este la un timp trecut:

He told me he would show me the photos when he came. Mi-a spus ca-mi va arata fotografiile cand va veni.


6. Traducerea lui Past Tense

In limba romana, Past Tense se traduce:

1) in propozitiile principale sau independente, prin:

a) perfectul compus (de obicei la persoana I si a II-a) si perfectul simplu (aproape exclisiv la persoana a III-a), cand Past Tense exprima o actiune trecuta incheiata, insotita sau nu de perioada de timp:


I lost my umbrella yesterday. Mi-am pierdut umbrela ieri.

I lost my umbrella a few days ago.               Mi-am pierdut umbrela acum cateva zile.

I lost my umbrella last week. Mi-am pierdut umbrela saptamana trecuta.


He said goodbye and left. Spuse la revedere si pleca.


b) imperfect, cand Past Tense exprima o actiune repetata in trecut, de obicei insotita de adverbe de frecventa:

She often left her Englesh textbook at home.

Deseori isi uita manualul de engleza acasa.

2) in propozitii subordonate prin:

a) prezent, in vorbirea indirecta (dupa un verb trecut):

He told me he was ill. Mi-a spus ca este bolnav.

b) viitor, in propozitiile temporale, cand verbul din principala este la un timp trecut:

He said he would bring me the book when he came to me place.

Mi-a spus ca-mi va aduce cartea cand ma va vizita.




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