Perfectul prezent (Present Perfect)

Perfectul prezent (Present Perfect)

1. Definitie. Present Perfect desemneaza un eveniment vazut din perspectiva axei prezentului anterior momentului vorbirii, dar a carui anterioritate nu este fixata, avand un caracter nedefinit:

I’ve painted a picture.

2. Forma. In structura formei Present Perfect intra verbul auxiliar have la prezent si participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat:

I

You Have heard a noise. Am/Ai/Au auzit un zgomot.

We ‘ve

They

He

She has heard a noise. A auzit un zgomot.

It ‘s

3. Intrebuintare. 1) Present Perfect este folosit, la fel ca si Past Tense, pentru a desemna un eveniment anterior momentului vorbirii. Deosebirea intre cele doua timpuri este in axa pe care se plaseaza vorbitorul: axa prezentului (Present Perfect) sau axa trecutului (Past Tense); si in natura evenimentului descris: a) nedefinit (Present Perfect) si b) definit, unic (Past Tense):

a) I’ve seen Mary.

b) I saw her at the conference.

2) Folosirea lui Present Perfect este asociata cu adverbe care exprima o perioada de timp deschisa, neterminata: today, this week, this month etc.

I’ve been to the theatre this week.

pe cand folosirea lui Past Tense este asociata cu adverbe care exprima o perioada de timp inchisa, terminata: I went to the theatre last week.

3) Present Perfect este uneori folosit cu valoare de Past Tense, pentru a exprima o actiune savarsita in trecut si terminata recent sau chiar inaintea momentului vorbirii: He has come. A sosit.

Aceasta intrebuintare a lui Present Perfect este adeseori marcata de adverbe de timp ca just (tocmai), already (deja), up to now, so far (pana acum), lately, recently (in ultima vreme): He has just phoned. Tocmai a telefonat.

Atentie! Cu adverbe ca today, this morning, this month, this year, recently, se poate folosi fie Past Tense, fie Present Perfect, in functie de: a) caracterul actiunii (definit/nedefinit) si b) al perioadei de timp (incheiata/neincheiata):

PROIECT: Absurdul - categorie estetico-literara derivata din cultivarea in fertilele PROIECT: INCEPUTURILE LITERATURII CULTE (primii scriitori „profesionisti”)

a) Did you hear Ion Voicu play recently ? (on a certain occasion). Have you heard Ion Voicu play recently ? (in the near past, not a long time ago).

b) Did you see him this morning ? (Now it’s five o’clok p.m.). Have you seen him this morning? (Now it’s 11 a.m.).

4) Past Tense este folosit pentru evenimente care au avut loc in trecut si ai caror autori nu mai exista in prezent, pe cand la Present Perfect, evenimentele au avut loc in trecut, dar autorii sau efectele evenimentelor mai exista si in prezent:

Past Tense

Marin Preda wrote several novels and short stories.

(Marin Preda is dead).

Did you see the exhibition?

(The exhibition is closed now).

John injured his arm.

(It does not hurt him any longer).

Present Perfect

Eugen Barbu has written several novels and short stories.

(Eugen Barbu is alive).

Have you seen the exhibition?

(The exhibition is still open).

John has injured his arm.

(It still hurts him).

5) Present Perfect este folosit si pentru a exprima o actiune inceputa in trecut si care continua si in momentul vorbirii. Complinirile adverbiale de timp caracteristice pentru aceasta intrebuintare sunt cele indicand:

a) lungimea perioadei de timp: for a long time (de multa vreme), for ten minutes (de 10 minute), for two days (de doua zile) etc. He has been here for half an hour.

Nota: Prepozitia for poate fi omisa in vorbire: He has lived in Bucharest ten years.

b) inceputul perioadei de timp: since yesterday (de ieri), since December (din Decembrie), since you came (de cand ai venit) etc. He has studied English since the beginning of the school year. Studiaza engleza de la inceputul anului scolar.

Perioada de timp redata printr-o propozitie temporala introdusa de since poate fi exprimata:

a) printr-un verb la Past Tense, cand se specifica momentul initial al perioadei:

I was born.

I’ve lived in Bucharest since my parents came to live here.

I last met you.

b) printr-un verb la Present Perfect, cand cele doua actiuni sunt paralele: It hasn’t stopped raining since I’ve been in this town. I have never come across my friends since I’ve stayed in this hotel.

Atentie!

Determinarea for/since este obligatorie pentru aceasta intrebuintare a perfectului prezent. Folosirea lui Present Perfect Simple fara determinarea temporala cu for/since se refera la o actiune incheiata (vezi intrebuintarile 1,2,4,6) si nu la una care continua si in momentul vorbirii: He has lived in Bucharest (some time in his life; he may live there again, but he is not living there now). A locuit in Bucuresti (candva in viata lui; poate va mai locui acolo, dar nu locuieste in Bucuresti in momentul de fata). He has studied Englesh (some time in the past, so the knows it, but he is not studying it now). A studiat engleza (candva in trecut, asa ca o stie, dar nu studiaza engleza acum).

Nota: Diferenta intre cele doua intrebuintari reiese si din modul in care se traduc in limba romana: actiunea care continua si in momentul vorbirii - prin prezent, iar cea incheiata, petrecuta in trecut intr-un moment de timp nedefinit, deci nespecificat - prin perfectul compus: He has stayed in this hotel. A stat in acest hotel. He has stayed in this hotel for a week. Sta in acest hotel de o saptamana.

6) Present Perfect poate exprima o actiune caracteristica, repetata in trecut, prezent si poate si in viitor: He has performed in public. A interpretat in public.

Aceasta intrebuintare este marcata de adverbe de frecventa ca: often (adesea), always (totdeauna), never (niciodata), sometimes (uneori) etc.: He has often performed in public.

7) In propozitii subordonate temporale sau conditionale, Present Perfect este folosit pentru a reda o actiune anterioara actiunii din propozitia principala, cand aceasta este exprimata printr-un verb la imperativ, indicativ prezent sau viitor: Ring me up when you have finished. Telefoneaza-mi cand ai terminat. He will help me if he has finished his own work. Ma va ajuta daca-si va fi terminat treaba lui.