Infinitives or -ing forms

1/ Verbs followed by infinitives:

a. by the full infinitive (with“to“):

• AFFORD, AGREE, APPEAR, ARRANGE, ASK, BOTHER, CHOOSE, DECIDE, DEMAND, DETERMINE, DESIRE, EXPECT, FAIL, HAPPEN, HELP, HOPE, LEARN, LONG, MANAGE, OFFER, PREPARE, PRETEND, PROMISE, REFUSE, REMIND, SEEM, TEND, THREATEN, WANT, WISH

The train failed to arrive on time.

He pretends to be sleeping.

The cars appears to have broken down. 6 infinitivů

He seems to have been waiting here all day.

She pretends to be hurt.

Nothing seems to have been forgotten.

Some of the verbs above can be used in the structure:

VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE

I wish him to be informed.

Some of the verbs above can be used both with an INFINITIVE or A “THAT“ CLAUSE:

They agreed to meet us at the station.

They agreed that they would meet us at the station.

b. by the bare infinitive ( without“to“):

• MAKE, LET, SEE, HEAR, WATCH

verbs of senses

I heard you come late.

!!! in the passive: You were heard to come late.

!!! My parents let me stay out till midnight. → let se v pasivu nepoužívá, místo toho: to be allowed to:

I was allowed to stay out till midnight.

Other conjunctions with bare infinitive:

You had better see a doctor.

I would rather not tell him. × I wouldn´t rather - NE!!!

2/ Verbs followed by -ing forms:

• ADMIT, AVOID, DENY, DISLIKE, ENJOY, EXCUSE, FANCY, FINISH, KEEP, MENTION, MIND, MISS, PUT OFF, POSTPONE, PRACTISE, PREVENT, RECOLLECT, RECALL, RISK, SUGGEST, CAN´T HELP, CAN´T STAND

I can´t recollect meeting you. = having met you              odkaz na minulost

He denies having stolen the ring. = stealing the ring

I don´t mind being woken up early. - present passive

Lucrare: Lucian Blaga si Sufletul satului - literatura Proiect: Publius terentius afer - opera

in negatives(I don´t mind)and questions(Do you mind?)×ne v klad. oznam.větě(I mind- NE!), v klad.oznam větě: I do mind

to be brought up  × to have been brought up × to having been brought up

I can´t imagine to having been brought up in the country. = perfect passive -ing form

Some of the verbs can be used with an object:

I don´t mind Jack´s smoking. = I don´t mind him smoking.

The structure verb + “that”clause is possible sometimes:

He admits having made a mistake. = He admits that he has made a mistake.

I suggest going to the theatre.

I suggest that he should take the job. = I suggest that he take the job. = SUBJUNCTIVE

We avoided argueing with them. = We´ve avoided an argument.

3/ Verbs followed by infinitives or -ing forms:

a.the full infinitive or -ing form with little or no change of meaning:

• ATTEMPT, CAN´T BEAR, BEGIN, CONTINUE, DESERVE, DREAD, HATE, INTEND, LIKE, LOVE, PREFER, PLAN, PROPOSE, START

He attempted to leave / leaving but the police stopped him.

LIKE, LOVE, PREFER, HATE

ing“ is used for general situation

to“ for particular ones

I love swimming. - obecně

When I am on holiday I love to swim early in the morning.

I prefer walking to driving. But when I go to work I prefer to drive.

LIKE, LOVE:

- to be in the habit of doing stg., or to think it right to do st. → “TO” (považujeme to za správné)

I like to pay my bills on time.                   není to citový vztah → “TO”

I like to go to the dentist twice a year.

I hate waiting. = všeobecně × I hate to tell you that your house is on fire. = jednorázově

!!! I´d like TO

b. the bare infinitive or -ing form = verbs of senses

• SEE, HEAR, WATCH, NOTICE, OBSERVE

Viděl jsem ho jíst koláč. I saw him. He was eating a piece of cake.

= I saw him eating a piece of cake. = I saw the action in progress

Viděl jsem ho sníst koláč. I saw him. He ate a piece of cake.

= I saw him ate a piece of cake. = The action was complete

I want to see them cross the street safely. = už přešli - complete

c. “to” or “- ing depending on the existence of an object

• ALLOW, ADVISE, FORBID, PERMIT, IMAGINE, CONSIDER, REQUIRE

We don´t allow smoking here. = NO OBJECT

We don´t allow students to smoke here. = OBJECT

d. “to” or “- ing” with a change of meaning

• REMEMBER, FORGET, REGRET         STOP, GO ON MEAN, TRY

They stopped (in order) to greet us. Zastavili, aby nás pozdravili.

They stopped greeting us. Přestali nás zdravit.

Go on reading. × He greet us and went on(přešel) to talk about his problems.

past + ING REMEMBER, FORGET, REGRET future +TO

I´ll always remember/           I´ll never forget meeting you. Remember / Don´t forget to buy bread.

Zapomněl jsem zamknout dveře. I forgot to lock the door.

Lituji, že jsem ti to řekla. I regret telling you. × We regret to tell you that you´ve failed the exam.

I can´t remember switching of the light / gas

I tried to learn Chines, but I failed. =  I made an effort.

I can´t get rid of a cold. Have you tried drinking herbal tea? = make an experiment and see what will happen

I tried to swallow an aspirin.  =Zkoušela jsem ho spolknout,ale byl hnusnej - vyvinula jsem snahu

I tried swallowing an aspirin.  = Spolkla jsem ho a čekala jsem, co se stane. =an experiment

If you want to take job in Prague, it will mean moving house. = involve

I didn´t mean to insult you. = intend