Diateza pasiva - limba engleza

DIATEZA PASIVA

Numai verbele tranzitive, adica verbele care primesc un complement direct (uneori si indirect), au diateza pasiva.

John cried.                              Cry este un verb intranzitiv. Nu are pasiv.

John sold the house. Sell este un verb tranzitiv. Are pasiv.

A. Regula generala. Pentru a transforma o propozitie la diateza activa intr-una la diateza pasiva:

1. complementul direct devine subiect
2. be are acelasi timp ca verbul principal
3. verbul principal devine participiu trecut
4. subiectul devine agentul, precedat de by.

NOTA: Agentul se exprima de obicei cu by. Dar cand agentul este o substanta dau materie prima folositi with.

The novel was written by Defoe.

The floor was covered with oil.

Adesea nu este necesara specificarea agentului.

The burglar was sentenced one year in prison.

Iata un tabel al echivalentelor activ-pasiv:

Timp	Diateza activa	Diateza pasiva
Prezent simplu	sells	is sold
Prezent continuu	is selling	is being sold
Trecut simplu	sold	was sold
Trecut continuu	was selling	was being sold Lucrare: Nuvela Popa Tanda de Ioan Slavici - demonstratia ca este nuvela Eseu: Ultima noapte de dragoste - roman modern de tip subiectiv - constructia subiectului si conflictul din roman
Perfect prezent	has sold	has been sold
Mai mult ca perfect	had sold	had been sold
Viitor	will sell	will be sold
Conditional	would sell	would be sold
Conditional perfect	would have sold	would have been sold
Infinitiv prezent	to sell	to be sold
Infinitiv perfect	to have sold	to have been sold
Forma in -ING	selling	being sold
Participiu perfect	having sold	having been sold

He keeps the door open. (a) The door is kept open. (p)

She has shut the book. (a) The book has been shut. (p)

He will carry the bag. (a) The bag will be carried. (p)

Locking the safe (a) The safe being locked, a)

NOTA: In engleza vorbita, get (in locul lui be) se foloseste adesea pentru diateza pasiva.

You’ll get hurt. = You’ll be hurt.

B. Reguli speciale. Pentru a transforma o propozitie la diateza activa intr-una la diateza pasiva:

1. INFINITIVUL activ devine INFINITIV pasiv:
• dupa verbe modale (must, may, can etc.):

Tom may write the book. (a) The book may be written. (p)

You must tell him. (a) He must be told. (p)

dupa like/love/wish/want + complement direct:

He wanted them to delay the train. (a)

He wanted the train to be delayed. (p)

She liked us to water the flowers at dawn. (a)

She liked the flowers to be watered at dawn. (p)

2. folositi that . should + INFINITIV pasiv:
• dupa agree, decide, arrange, demand + INFINITIV + complement:

We agreed to take Tim. (a)

We agreed that Tim should be taken. (p)

They decided to reduce the price. (a)

They decided that the price should be reduced. (p)

dupa advise, insist, propose, recommend, suggest + forma in -ING + complement:

She advised finishing the job. (a)

She advised that the job should be finished. (p)

They suggested driving the car. (a)

They suggested that the car should be driven. (p)

NOTA: Dupa need folositi un gerunziu sau INFINITIV pasiv. Sensul este identic (vezi Lectia 15).

The phone needs repairing.

The phone needs to be repaired. (ambele propozitii sunt pasive)

3. doua forme alternative de pasiv se pot folosi in mod impersonal cu: assume, believe, claim, estimate, find, know, presume, report, say, suppose, understand (vezi si Lectia15/16):

They say that he is a genius. (a)

It is said that he is a genius. (p)

He is said to be a genius. (p)

People believe that the story is true. (a)

It is believed that the story is true. (p)

The story is believed to be true. (p)

4. prepozitiile sunt plasate dupa verbul pasiv:
• verbe complexe (verb + prepozitie):

We will take care of the garden lovingly. (a)

The garden will be taken care of lovingly. (p)

verb + prepozitie + complement:

He had to write to his parents daily. (a)

His parents had to be written to daily. (p)

Her family never thought of her. (a)

She was never thought of (by her family). (p)

5. propozitiile cu doua complemente (complement direct si indirect) au doua forme posibile de pasiv:

He told her a lie. (a)

She was told a lie. (p)

A lie was told to her. (p)

They sent him a letter. (a)

He was sent a letter. (p)

A letter was sent to him. (p)

C. Utilizare. Pasivul se foloseste:

1. pentru a sublinia actiunea si nu agentul:

The criminal was arrested.

You are invited to the wedding reception.

2. cand agentul este necunoscut, neimportant sau evident:

He is said to be a bad-tempered man.

The cellar was entirely flooded.

Kennedy was elected president.

EXERCITII

1. Transformati propozitiile la diateza active in propozitii la diateza pasiva. Enuntati agentul numai daca este important pentru sensul propozitiei.

1. Good cooks use the best ingredients.

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2. People usually fear snakes.

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3. Laura will pilot the plane to Jamaica.

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4. They proved the theory to be wrong.

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5. Sinatra sang all the old hits.

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6. Anthony Fin is preparing the financial report.

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7. Nobody has washed my shirts!

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8. Our students enjoyed the Shakespeare play.

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9. The Government will propose new taxes this week.

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10. People don’t consider him dependable.

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2. Completati spatiile cu by sau with.

1. The cellar was flooded . . . . water.
2. The cellar was flooded . . . . a rain storm.
3. The house was built . . . . Mr. Hawkes.
4. The house was built . . . . wood.
5. The spaghetti was covederd . . . . grated cheese.
6. To keep it warm, the meat was covered . . . . another plate.
7. The Monalisa was painted . . . . Leonardo da Vinci.
8. The Easter Eggs were coloured . . . . vegetable dyes.

3. Propozitiile de mai jos au doua complemente si doua forme alternative de pasiv. Dati ambele forme.

1. They sent him two warnings.

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2. The biology teacher regularly gives Tony extra lab work.

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3. The salesman will show you the latest model.

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4. I will give you two options.

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5. They pay us the rent once a month.

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6. We will send each of the students an application form.

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