Articolul - engleza

Articolul - engleza

Pentru ca un substantiv sa capete inteles intr-o propozitie oarecare, acesta trebuie sa fie insotit de un determinant substantival. Cel mai des folosit determinant substantival este articolul. Articolele se pot clasifica dupa cum urmeaza:

Articolul hotarat - the

Articolul nehotarat - a / an

Articolul zero (forma implicita sau neexprimata)

Articolele sunt forme invariabile, adica nu se schimba in functie de numarul sau genul substantivului si se aseaza in fata substantivului determinat.

1. Articolul hotarat (the)

Articolul hotarat se foloseste:

Inaintea unui substantiv care a mai fost mentionat in contextul respectiv
Ex.: An elephant and a mouse fell in love. The mouse loved the elephant's long trunk, and the elephant loved the mouse's tiny nose.

Atunci cand atat vorbitorul cat si ascultatorul cunosc notiunea exprimata de substantiv, desi nu a mai fost mentionat in context.
Ex.: - Where's the bathroom? - It's on the first floor.

In propozitii sau fraze in care definim sau identificam anumite persoane sau obiecte
Ex.: The man we met yesterday at the bus station. The girl in red is her neighbour.

Referitor la obiecte pe care le consideram unice:
Ex.: the earth, the sun, the moon, the stars
Ann is in the garden (the garden of this house).

Inaintea superlativului sau numeralelor ordinale first, second, thirds, etc si only:
Ex.: the best day, the first week, the last chapter, the only way

Inaintea unor adjective pentru a te referi in general la un grup de oameni care au in comun o anumita insusire (sunt frumosi, tineri, batrani, japonezi, etc):
Ex.: the young, the beautiful, the old, the best, the Japanese, the British

Nume de locuri geografice, oceane, rauri, mari, deserturi, munti, regiuni:
Ex.: the Caribbean, the Sahara, the Atlantic

Se foloseste inaintea unor nume proprii (muzee, institutii celebre, hoteluri, yiare, orchestre, grupuri muzicale, vapoare, nume de famili la plural,etc):
Ex.: the National Gallery, the Royal Shakespeare, the Savoy, the Beatles, the Spice Girls, the Guardian, the Telegraph, the Daily, the Titanic, the Tower of London, the House of Parliament, the Smiths

Decade, secole, grupe de ani
Ex.: My parents went to University in the seventies.

Articolul nehotarat (a / an)

Se foloseste a inaintea substantivelor care incep cu o consoana si an inaintea substantivelor care incep cu o vocala (a, e, i, o, u)
Ex.: a boy, an apple, a car, an orange, a house, an opera
Exceptii:
An inainte de un h mut - an hour, an honour.
A inainte de u sau eu atunci cand se pronunta ca you: a european, a university, a unit

Articolul nehotarat se foloseste:

Pentru a te referi la ceva pentru prima data:
Ex.: Would you like a drink? I've finally got a good job.

Pentru a te referi la un anume membru al unui grup sau clase:
Exemple:

Lucrare: Nuvela Popa Tanda de Ioan Slavici - demonstratia ca este nuvela Eseu: Ultima noapte de dragoste - roman modern de tip subiectiv - constructia subiectului si conflictul din roman

cu nume de profesii: John is an engineer. Mary is training to be a nurse.

cu nationalitati si religii: John is an Englishman. Kate is a Catholic.

cu instrumente muzicale: Sherlock Holmes was playing a violin when the visitor arrived.

cu numele zilelor: I was born on a Thursday.

pentru a desemna un fel de, sau un exemplu de: The mouse had a tiny nose. It was a very strange car

cu substantice la singular, dupa cuvinte cum ar fi what si such: What a bluff! He is such a prodigious young man.

atunci cand te referi la un singur obiect sau persoana, echivaleaza cu one: I'd like an orange and two lemons please. The burglar took a diamond necklace and a valuable painting.

Retineti ca se spune a hundred, a thousand, a million.

3. a / an si one

Atunci cand numeri sau masori timpul, distanta, greutatea, etc. se poate folosi fie a/an fie one pentru singular:
Ex.: a / one pound, a / one million pouds
You can take an/ one hour for lunch.

Dar a/an si one nu inseamna intotdeauna acelasi lucru
Ex.: A box is no good. (We need a crate not a box).
One box is no good, we need two boxes.

4. Articolul zero

Nu se foloseste articol in urmatoarele cazuri:

Cu nume de tari (la singular)
Ex.: Germany is an important economic power.
He's just returned from Argentina.
(Insa: I'm visiting the United States next week.)

Cu numele limbilor
Ex.: French is spoken in Tahiti.
English uses many words of Latin origin.

Cu numele meselor
Ex.: Lunch is at midday.
Dinner is in the evening.
Breakfast is the first meal of the day.

Cu numele persoanelor (la singular):
Ex.: John's coming to the party.
George King is my uncle.
(Insa: We're having lunch with the Morgans tomorrow.)

Cu titluri si nume
Ex.: Prince Charles is Queen Elizabeth's son.
President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.
Dr. Watson was Sherlock Holmes' friend.
(Insa: the Queen of England, the Pope.)

Dupa cazul posesiv format cu 's:
Ex.: His sister's car.
Laura's basket.

Cu numele profesiilor
Ex.: Engineering is a useful career.
He'll probably go into medicine.

Cu nume de magazine
Ex.: I'll get the card at Smith's.
Can you go to Boots for me?

Cu ani
Ex.: 1948 was a wonderful year.
Do you remember 1995?

Cu substantive unice (uncountable nouns):
Ex.: Milk is often added to tea in England.
War is destructive.

Cu numele unor munti, lacuri si insule:
Ex.: Mount McKinley is the highest mountain in Alaska.
She lives near Lake Windermere.
Have you visited Long Island?

Cu majoritatea numelor de strazi , orase, statii pentru mijloacele de transport si aeroporturi:
Ex.: Victoria Station is in the centre of London.
Can you direct me to Bond Street?
She lives in Florence.
They're flying from Heathrow.

In unele expresii invariabile:
Ex.: by car, at school, at work, at University, in church, in prison, in bed, by train, by air, on foot, on holiday, on air (in broadcasting)