Verbele modale ii

VERBELE MODALE II

MUST, NEED, HAVE TO, SHOULD, OUGHT TO

(Obligatie si necesitate)

Must, need, should si ought to sunt verbe modale; ele sunt defective, avand:

timpuri lipsa

persoana a III-a singular fara s

interogativul si negativul prezentului fara do sau does

sunt urmate de infinitiv fara To

Nota

Toate timpurile care lipsesc sunt inlocuite cu verbe normale:

To have to sau to need to

Nota

To have to exprima atat obligatia cat si necesitatea la timpurile la care el reprezinta singura posibilitate (infinitiv, trecut simplu, perfect prezent, viitor, forma in –ing etc.).

Dar la prezent, formele alternative nu sunt intotdeauna inlocuibile reciproc. O forma poate exprima obligatia, iar cealalta necesitatea.

John must not shout. (= John are obligatia de a nu striga.)

John doesn’t have to shout. (= Nu e necesar ca John sa strige.)

To need to exprima intotdeauna necesitatea.

Harry didn’t need to go on a diet. (= Nu era necesar ca Harry sa tina regim.)

Must / Have to / Need to

Must este invariabil pentru toate persoanele, in timp ce have to si need to urmeaza regulile verbelor normale.

Forme contrase: mustn’t

Utilizare:

1.     Have to se foloseste intotdeauna pentru a face referire la obligatie sau necesitate la prezent afirmativ si interogativ, adesea cu sens de viitor. Must se refera la obligatie.

I must phone my husband before he leaves the office.

The builders have to finish the work before winter sets in.

Nota

Must se foloseste de obicei cand obligatia vine din partea vorbitorului care-si exprima propriile sentimente.

Have to se foloseste cand obligatia vine din partea unei a treia persoane.

You must tidy up your room before you go out. (= Iti ordon)

You have to drive on the left in Great Britain. (= Asa spune legea)

2.     La forma negativa must si have to au sensuri complet diferite:

Must not inseamna ca esti obligat sa nu faci ceva.

Don’t have to sau haven’t got to inseamna ca nu este necesar:

PROIECT: Absurdul - categorie estetico-literara derivata din cultivarea in fertilele PROIECT: INCEPUTURILE LITERATURII CULTE (primii scriitori „profesionisti”)

You mustn’t exceed the speed limit on the motorway. (= Esti obligat de lege.)

You haven’t got to go to that meeting if you are too busy. (= Nu e necesar sa te duci.)

Nota

In general have to si have got to se folosesc la fel numai la prezent.

Have got to este considerat mai formal.

Have to se foloseste pentru actiuni repetate, de obicei intarit cu un adverb de frecventa.

Chris has to visit her ill mother every day.

Chirs has got to do some shopping for her ill mother today.

3.     Have to poate fi folosit la toate celelalte timpuri.

I have never had to work so much before.

The police would have had to open fire if the criminals hadn’t surrendered.

Nota

Deductia negativa se poate exprima cu can’t sau can’t have:

It’s only eleven o’clock, Tim can’t be hungry!

The Smiths are in China. They can’t have sent that post-card from Peru.

4.     Must se foloseste pentru deductii pozitive in prezent.

Must + constructie perfecta se refera la deductii pozitive in trecut.

The baby is crying. She must be hungry.

There was no reply; he must have been working in the garden.

Utilizare: Need este considerat atat verb propriu-zis cat si auxiliar.

1.     Need to, ca verb propriu-zis, urmeaza formele verbelor regulate normale si este folosit pentru a se face referire la necesitate.

You will need flour and water to make bread.

I don’t need to see the doctor. I feel fine.

Nota

Have to exprima necesitatea, poate fi folosit si la negativ si interogativ.

We didn’t have to book the restaurant. There was plenty of room.

Do we have to rush?

2.     Need ca auxiliar este un verb modal si are aceeasi forma pentru toate persoanele. Poate fi folosit numai la prezent (adesea cu sens de viitor) mai ales in constructii negative sau interogative.

Constructie negativa: Need not este similar cu don’t have to. Ambele exprima absenta unei obligatii sau necesitati.

We need not rush. There’s plenty of time.

Constructie interogativa:

Need we rush? There’s plenty of time.

3.     Need not + infinitiv perfect se refera la o actiune trecuta care s-a petrecut fara a fi fost necesara.

You needn’t have told her about the accident. She will only worry.

Nota

Need not + infinitiv perfect difera de did not need to.

Jack need not have gone to the dentist. (= Jack s-a dus, dar nu era necesar.)

Jack did not need to go to the dentist. (= Nu era necesar ca Jack sa se duca, dar nu stim daca s-a dus sau nu.)

Ought to / Should

Ought to si Should au sens identic si pot fi folosite la fel. Ele sunt invariabile pentu toate persoanele si pot fi urmate de infinitiv fara To.

Forme contrase: oughtn’t / shouldn’t

Utilizare:

1.     Cu referire la o obligatie sau indatorire.

I ought to mow the lawn this weekend; it’s overgrown.

Little girls shouldn’t tell lies.

Poate urma si forma in –ing.

Tim oughtn’t to be watching TV. He ought to be doing his homework.

We should be standing in that queue, not this one.

2.     Pentru a cere si a da sfaturi.

Do you think I should have my hair cut short?

Mike ought to see a doctor if it hurts so much.

3.     Cu referire la ceea ce considera ca este corect sau incorect din punct de vedere moral.

We should all help the poor.

People oughtn’t to treat animals badly. They belong here, too.

4.     Cu referire la o intamplare probabila.

I’ll prepare dinner tonight. I should be home quite early.

I told him several times, so he ought to remember.

5.     Cu o constructie perfecta pentru a face referire la ceva ce urma sa se petreaca in trecut, dar nu s-a petrecut. Sau cu referire la ceva ce a constituit o greseala.

The plane should have arrived at seven o’clock, but it was delayed because of fog.

Michael Jackson ought to have started his tour last night, but he was taken ill.

Exercitii:

1. A replicat ca trebuie sa aiba grija de silueta ei. 2. Nu stiam ca trebuie sa platesc amenda daca-mi parchez masina aici. 3. Nu se poate sa nu stai la masa! 4. Neaparat sa-mi arati rochia ta cea noua! 5. E precis la birou, completand formulare, cum face zilnic. 6. Nu-l vad pe aici, trebuie ca joaca baschet pe undeva. 7. Nu e acasa, precis colinda strazile si targuieste cu harnicie. 8. Se vede ca cicatricea a fost o rana grava mai de mult. 9. Se vede ca studia la biblioteca atunci cand il cautai. 10. Copiii nu trebuie sa vorbeasca cu primarul cand e ocupat. 11. A trebuit sa ascult de doua ore vorbele lui suparatoare, dar n-am de gand sa mai tolerez acest lucru. 12. Functionarul declara ca a trebuit sa vorbeasca cu nevasta lui despre schimbarea slujbei, fiindca intarziase de prea multe ori. 13. E nevoie sa vina azi la biblioteca, ori poate astepta pana maine? 14. Nu era nevoie sa vina asa de curand, puteam astepta. 15. Nu era nevoie sa cumpere ea palaria, avea el de gand sa i-o cumpere.

1. Lectorul medita unde sa-si tina urmatoarea prelegere. 2. Pianistului i-ar fi placut sa i se spuna ce sa cante. 3. Cantareata de opera nu stia a cui oferta s-o accepte. 4. Fotograful vru sa stie daca sa faca una sau doua fotografii. 5. De ce l-ai ajuta, daca nu te roaga? 6. Daca s-ar intampla sa se intalneasca intr-o cafenea, i-ar vedea toti impreuna si oamenii ar incepe sa barfeasca. 7. Ar trebui sa ii spun ca era exact ce merita. 8. Ar fi trebuit sa se logodeasca de mult, dar parintii ei s-au opus casatoriei. 9. Ar fi trebuit sa-i marturisesti in cele din urma ca i-ai furat ceasul, fiindca nu vroiai sa plece atat de iute. 10. Studentii ar fi trebuit sa asculte expunerea aseara.

Cheia exercitiilor:

1. She retorted she must take care of her figure. 2. I did not know I must pay a fine if I parked my car her. 3. But you must stay for dinner! 4. You must show me your new dress! 5. He must be at his office, fiiling in forms, as he does daily. 6. I do not see him around, he must be playing basketball somewhere. 7. He is not at home, he must be roaming the streets and shopping with industry. 8. That scar must have been a bad injury a while ago. 9. He must have been studying at the library when you were looking for him. 10. Children must not talk to the mayor when he is busy. 11. I have had to listen to his offensive words for two hours, but I am not going to put up with it any longer. 12. The officer stated that he had had to talk to his wife about changing his job because he had been late too many times. 13. Need he come to the library today or can he wait untill tomorrow? 14. They needn’t have come so soon, I could have wited. 15. She needn’t have bought that hat, he was going to buy it for her.

1. The lecturer meditated where he should deliver his next lecture. 2. The pianist would have liked to be told what he should play. 3. The opera singer did not know whose offer she should accept. 4. The cameraman wanted to know if he should take one or two photographs. 5. Why should you assist him if he does not ask you? 6. If they should meet in a café, everyone would see them together and people would start gossiping. 7. I ought to tell him it was exactly what he deserved. 8. They ought to have been engaged long ago, but her parents objected to their marriage. 9. You ought to have confessed to him eventually that you had stollen his watch because you did not want him to leave so soon. 10. The students ought to have been listening to the exposition last night.