Ordinea cuvintelor in propozitie (Word Order) - engleza

Ordinea cuvintelor in propozitie (Word Order) - engleza

0. Generalitati

Ordinea cuvintelor in propozitie a fost tratata in capitolele anterioare (cap 11 - 21) in analiza facuta la fiecare parte de propozitie.

In capitolul urmator se analizeaza din nou ordinea cuvintelor in propozitie, in functie de scopul comunicarii: propozitii enuntiative, interogative, imperative si exclamative.

In capitolul de fata, ne intereseaza principiile generale care guverneaza asezarea cuvintelor in propozitie si unele situatii speciale.

0.1. Studierea ordinii cuvintelor in propozitie in limba engleza prezinta o importanta deosebita. Limba engleza este o limba sintetica, avand foarte putine forme flexionare.

De aceea locul pe care-l ocupa cuvintele in propozitie are un rol important in identificarea functiilor lor sintactice.

pag: 211

In propozitiile urmatoare, de exemplu, substantivul man are aceeasi structura morfologica, functia sa de subiect si respectiv de complement direct in propozitie fiind identificata doar cu ajutorul pozitiei si al transformarii posive.

a) Activ: THE MAN killed the tiger.

Pasiv: The tiger was killed BY THE MAN.

Substantivul man este subiectul propozitiei active, in care ocupa pozitie initiala, si subiectul logic al propozitiei pasive, in care are functia formala de complement circunstantial de agent.

b) Activ: THE TIGER killed the man.

Pasiv: The man was killed BY THE TIGRER.

Substantivul man este comoplementul direct al propozitiei active, fiind asezat imediat dupa verbul tranzitiv si devenind subiectul formal al transformarii pasive.

0.2. Studierea ordinii cuvintelor in propozitia in limba engleza este importanta si datorita diferentelor dintre cele doua limbi. In limba romana pozitia partilor de propozitie difera de cea a cuvintelor englezesti in doua privinte:

a) limba romana are mai multe forme flexionare decat limba engleza si deci locul cuvintelor in propozitie nu este atat de important, iar subiectul nu este de obicei exprimat, verbul romanesc fiind marcat formal penru persoana si numar:

I NEVER see him there.

Niciodata nu-l vad acolo.

(Eu) nu-l vad niciodata acolo.

(Eu) Nu-l vad acolo niciodata.

b) unele parti de propozitie in limba romana ocupa de obicei alte locuri decat partile de propozitie corespunzatoare din limba engleza:

EVERYBODY went to see the film.

(subiect + predicat + complemente)

Au mers toti sa vada filmul.

(predicat + subiect + complemente)

He speaks ENGLISH well.

(subiect + predicat + compl.direct + circ. de timp)

El vorbeste bine ENGLEZESTE.

(subiect + predicat + circ.de mod + compl. direct)

I saw him AT THE CINEMA last night.

(subiect + predicat + circ.de loc + circ.de timp)

L-am vazut aseara LA CINEMA.

(subiect + predicat + circ.de timp + circ. de loc)

0.3. Ordinea cuvintelor din limba engleza prezinta urmatoarele caracteristici generale:

a) Ordinea partilor principale de propozitie este:

- subiect - predicat, in propozitiile enuntiative si exclamative: PETER likes algebra. THEY are not ready yet. How beatiful SHE is!

- predicat - subiect, in propozitiile interogative: Is HE an architect ?

b) Ordinea obisnuita a complementelor in propozitie este:

verb tranzitiv + complement direct } + complemente circumstantiale (de mod)

verb tranzitiv                (de loc) (de timp)

I read the news quickly in the dining-room after dinner.

I walk quickly across the park every morning.

pag: 212

c) Atributul precede de obicei partea de vorbire nominala pe care o insoteste: Old Dacian implements were found under the ruins.

d) Schimbarea ordinii normale a cuvintelor in propozitie are doua cauze mari:

- parte de propozitie mai scurta tinde sa fie asezata inaintea celei mai lungi (din motive de ritm, echilibru al propozitiei): The hostess offered CAKES to all the quests in the room.

- partea de propozitie asupra careia vorbitorul doreste sa ne atraga atentia este asezata la inceputul propozitiei, producand de obicei inversiune intre subiect si predicat ¨NOWHERE was be better received than in his native town.

e) Inversiunea intre subiect si predicat este:

- totala, cand predicatul este exprimat doar prin verbul notional (o forma verbala simpla): Rarely had HE time to wach TV.

- partiala, cand predicatul este alcatuit din mai multe cuvinte: verb auxiliar / modal + verb notional (o forma verbala compusa).

In al doilea caz, subiectul se aseaza de regula dupa primul cuvant din forma verbului auxiliar / modal: Hardly had THEY finished their dinner when somebody rang at the door. Nowhere could YOU find a better job.

f) Asezarea in pozitia initiala (pozitia 0) a partilor de propozitie care nu ocupa de obicei acest loc, cu scopul de a le sublinia, nu produce intotdeauna inversiune intre subiect si predicat. Ordinea subiect - predicat este mentinuta:

- daca subiectul este exprimat printr-un pronume: Here HE comes. Everything HE says is right.

- daca elementul subliniat se refera la ceva mentionat anterior: Telephone numbers I can never remember. On Sunday the exhibition had been open for a week.

0.4. Pozitia diferitelor elemente sintactice in cadrul propozitiei in limba engleza poate fi prezentata schematic astfel:

1. Reguli privitoare la ordinea cuvintelor in propozitie

1) Subiectul (+ atributele sale) ocupa locul 1 in propozitiile enuntiative, precedand predicatul: The man has left. Omul a plecat.

2) Subiectul sau alt element nominal din propozitie (alt nume) poate fi precedat sau urmat de unul sau de mai multe atribute.

3) Subiectul este precedat de atribute exprimate prin parti de vorbire folosite adjectival:

pag: 213

a) un adjectiv propriu-zis, un substabtiv, un demonstrativ, un numeral, un participiu etc.: The tall man left. These books are interesting. This evening dress is very beautiful. Three hundred people were present at the ceremony.

b) printr-un substantiv in cazul genitiv: The profesor’s lectures are very interesting.

In cadrul unui atribut care precede subiectul sau alta parte nominala de propozitie, se pot crea urmatoarele situatii, daca atributul este exprimat prin doua sau mai multe adjective:

a) Doua adjective de acelasi fel se aseaza in ordinea adjectiv mai scurt - adjectiv mai lung: a QUIET intelligent boy; a LONG boring chapter; the TALLEST and most talkative girl.

b) Doua adjective sunt adesea legate prin and pentru subliniere: a dark and gloomy house, a new and useful experiment.

c) Doua adjective diferite ca sens lexical se aseaza inaintea substantivului in ordinea general/subiectiv - specific/obiectiv: a NICE new vase, a FINE old carpet, a PRETTY red flower.

d) Se aseaza imediat inaintea substantivului adjectivele indicand:

culoarea: a delicate pink vase

stilul: a beatiful gothic building

nationalitatea: a cup of delicious China tea

materialul: a useful platic bag.

f) Ordinea atributelor exprimate prin parti de vorbire diferite este: predeterminant: all, half, both + determinant; the, this, my + postdeterminant: ordinal: the first, the second + cardinal/cuantificator: two, several + adjectiv + substantiv: All the three tall men were teachers.

Pozitia determinantilor in cadrul grupului nominal:

4) Subiectul (sau alt element nominal din propozitie) este urmat de atribute exprimate:

a) prin adjectivele: present, proper, extant:

They drove from the suburbs to the city proper. The people present listened to him attentively.

b) in constructiile fixe tranditionale: sum total, time immemorial

c) prin adjective folosite predicativ: the house ablaze

d) dupa pronume nehotarate terminate in -body, -one, -think: There’s nithing unusual in what he says.

e) prin constructii prepozitionale (substantiv + PREPOZItIE) : I’ll show you a picture of my son.

f) prin constructii infinitivale: This is the question to be settled.

5) Unele atribute pot aparea fie inainte, fie dupa substantiv:

a) apozitia dezvoltata: Henri Coanda, a scientist of world renown, was a great lover of nature. A scientist of world renown. Henri Coanda was a great lover of nature.

pag: 214

b) Atributele exprimate prin adjective derivate din verbe sau legate de acestea, ca de exemplu adjectivele exprimate prin participii sau adjectivele terminate in -able, -ible precede numele cand se accentueaza caracterul lor adjectival (exprimarea unei calitati) si urmeaza numele cand se accentueaza caracterul lor verbal:

Caracterul adjectival:

She is an adopted child.

Caracter verbal:

The classification adopted is very simple. (wich has been adopted)

Caracterul adjectival:

All the available copies were put at our disposal.

Caracter verbal:

All the copies avilable were put at our disposal.

c) Daca un substantiv este insotit de mai multe adjective , unele dintre ele il preced, iar altele il urmeaza, pentru realizarea ritmului propozitiei: Before him stretched the vast forest, dark, dense and mysterious.

6) Pe locul 0 in propozitie, inaintea subiectului (+ atributele sale) se pot afla:

a) complementul circumstantial de timp care exprima o perioada definita de timp: last year, in summer, on Monday, yesterday.

Pozitia initiala a circumstantialului de timp este mai rar folosita decat pozitia finala, de obicei in propozitii lungi, cu multe complemente: Yesterday she unexpectedly left for Suceava by the morning plane.

sau cand se face referire la ceva mentionat anterior: At eight she had been waiting for you half an hour.

b) Si alte parti de propozitie pot ocupa pozitia 0, pentru subliniere: Slowly and carefully he wrote his name.

7) In anumite situatii subiectul ocupa locul 2 in propozitie, prin inversiune totala cu predicatul (exprimat prin verbul be sau have la Present sau Past Tense: Is HE at home ? Have YOU a dog ?

sau prin inversiune partiala cu verbul auxiliar sau modal care intra in alcatuirea predicatului: Have YOU met him ? What can I do ?

Subiectul ocupa locul 2 in propozitie:

a) in propozitii interogative: Could you get me some fruit ?

b) cand subiectul logic este precedat de un subiect introductiv (it sau there): IT is unusual for him to be so silent. There are beautiful pictures in this book.

c) cand o parte de propozitie, in special complementul circumstantial exprimat prin adverbe negative sau restrictive singure: scarcely, hardly, seldom, rarely, little, even less, nor, neither, at no time, never, etc., sau precedate de ONLY: only by chance, only yesterday, only then, only with difficulty, only by luck este asezata pe locul 0 pentru subliniere: Little does he realize how foolish he looks. Only by chance did I hear that they had returned from their trip.

8) Predicatul ocupa de obicei locul 2 in propozitie, dupa subiect: He came later.

Predicatul sau o parte a predicatului poate ocupa locul 1 in propozitie, prin inversiune totala sau partiala cu subiectul, in situatiile enumerate la punctul 7.

9) Predicatul poate fi precedat de anumite complemente circumstantiale (never, often, hardly) si este urmat daca este tranzitiv, de compldementul direct, iar daca este intranzitiv, de complemente circumstantiale. in ordinea: mod, loc, timp: We often swim in the sea. We had great fun at the party last night.

pag: 215

10) Predicatul este de obicei precedat de complemente circumstantiale exprimate prin:

- adverbe de frecventa nedefinita: often, always, usually, never, rarely, seldom, sometimes.

- adverbe restrictive: hardly, scarcely, only.

Aceste adverbe preced predicatul exprimat printr-o forma verbala simpla: They rarely have visitors. sau verbul notional care intra in alcatuirea predicatului impreuna cu un verb auxiliar sau modal: He has OFTEN lent me his pen. You can HARDLY excuse yourself for this reason.

Verbul be este urmat de aceste adverbe la formele simple (Present, Past): He is OFTEN ill. si precedat de ele la formele compuse: He has OFTEN been ill.

Pentru subliniere, aceste adverbe pot fi asezate la inceputul sau sfarsitul propozitiei, cu sau fara inversiune intre subiect si predicat: Often di they go for long walks when they were young. They to go for long walks; often they walks as far as five miles every day. They visit their friends very often.

11) Verbul tranzitiv este urmat de grupul complementelor (direct, indirect, prepozitional), in modul urmator:

a) Un singur complement direct se aseaza imediat dupa verb: I’ve left my notebook at home.

Atentie ! Daca verbul tranzitiv este exprimat printr-un verb cu particula adverbiala, complementul direct se aseaza:

1) dupa particula adverbilaa, daca el este exprimat printr-un substantiv singur sau cu o complinire adverbiala, daca el este exprimat printr-un substantiv singur sau cu o complinire, sau printr-un pronume mai lung: Put on your gloves. Put on the gloves I bought you yesterday. Pack up everything.

2) intre verb si particula adverbiala: pozitie obligatorie daca complementul direct este exprimat printr-un pronume: Put it on, sau varianta la 1) daca complementul direct este exprimat printr-un substantiv: Put your gloves on.

b) Doua complemente directe se aseaza dupa verb in ordinea: complement direct al persoanei, complement direct al obiectului: He teaches THE CHILDREN mathematics.

c) Un complement direct si unul indirect se aseaza in ordinea:

1) complement direct + indirect, aceasta ordine fiind uneori folosita pentru sublinierea complementului indirect: I gave THE NOTE to your deskmate.

Atentie ! Aceasta ordine este recomandata:

- cand ambele complemente sunt exprimate prin pronume: I gave it to him.

- dupa verbe urmate obligatoriu de prepozitia to: I explained the lesson to them.

- cand complementul indirect este mai lung decat cel direct: I gave the note to your deskmate.

2) O alta posibilitate este: verb tranzitiv + complement indirect fara to sau for + complement direct, care este ordinea normala, neutra: I gave him YOUR NOTE.

d) Un complement direct si unul prepozitional se aseaza in ordine: They compared THE FILM with the novel.

pag: 216

e) Complementul direct este de asemenea urmat de elementul predicativ suplimentar: They found THE PLACE a prosperous village.

12. Un verb intranzitiv este urmat de complemente circumstantiale in ordinea: mod, loc, timp: He waited quietly in the for an hour.

13) Complemente circumstantiale de mod sunt asezat imediat dupa verbul intranzitiv sau dupa verbul tranzitiv si complementele sale: He smiled proudly. he covered the tube carefully.

Exceptii:

a) Circumstantialul de loc se poate uneori aseaza inaintea celui de mod, dupa un verb intranzitiv exprandu-si calea, pentru a-i completa sensul: She walked to school in a hurry yesterday. I’ll go to the cinema by bus.

b) Circumstantialul de loc se poate aseza inaintea complementului direct, dupa un verb tranzitiv, cand complementul direct este urmat de o constrcutie prepozitionala sau o propozitie subordonata: I met there a boy who pretended to be a friend of yours.

c) Complementul circumstantial de loc se poate aseza la inceputul propozitiei fie pentru subliniere, fie pentru echilibrul propozitiei. Aceasta asezare produce inversiune intre subiect si predicat, daca subiectul este exprimat printr-un substantiv: Off goes your train! Lower and lower bend the old man over the sick child.

Ordinea subiect predicat ramane neschimbata daca subiectul este exprimat printr-un pronume: Off he goes ! Lower and lowe he bend.

Doua sau mai multe complemente circumstantiale de loc se aseaza de la cel mai specific la cel mai general: He lives et 55, Franklin Street Bucharest. I met my friends in a little vilage on the Black Sea Coast.

Daca in propozitie apar doua adverbe: unul de loc si altul de directie adverbul de loc se aseaza dupa cel de directie: the hourse jumped over the fence (directie) in the garden (loc) sau la inceputul propozitiei: In the garden the hourse jumped over the fence.

pag: 217

15) Complementele circumstantiale de timp care ocupa pozitia finala in propozitie sunt cele care indica:

- momentul actiunii: yesterday, at 5 o’clock, two days ago;

- durata acestuia: three weeks, four ages;

- frecventa definita: once in a while, from time to time;

Exceptii:

a) un complement circumstantial de timp scurt se aseaza uneori inaintea predicatului sau a verbului notional din structura sa: you ( can) now see that you were wrong. I’ll soon find out the truth.

b) un complement circumstantial de timp se poate aseza inaintea unui circumstantial de loc, daca este mai scurt decat acesta: I saw them yarlier in front of the school.

Sau daca exprima durata: I stayed for two weeks at the seaside.

Mai multe complemente circumstantiale de timp exprimand momentul actiunii se aseaza de la momentul mai precis de determinat la cel mai general: He was borne at 3.12 in the afternoon on August 29th, 1968.

Mai multe complemente circumstantiale de timp diferite se aseaza in ordinea: durata - frecventa - moment: I went to the seaside for two weeks every summer during my childhood.

EXERCISES

I. Schimbati ordinea complementelor. Folositi prepozitia to sau for inaintea complementului indirect.

Exemplu: Show us the album. Show the album to us.

1. Please, pass me the sal. 2. She bought her son some toys. 3. Tell the children this funny story. 4. He didn’t forget to buy his sister a ticket. 5. Mother gave us some grapes. 6. Please, send your parents my regards. 7. Fetch me a glass of water. 8. He offered everyone flowers.

II. Inlocuiti complementele indirecte din coloana nr.1 cu complemente indirecte potrivite ca sens din coloana nr.2 .Faceti schimbarile necesare.

1 2

1. I promised them a dictionary.                   The elderly lady.

2. William handed her some pictures.                     all who had come.

3. They told us the news.                              the woman sitting next to him.

4. She showed Miss Denter the album         everybody in the ball.

5. I have written John a letter. her, not to him

6. Andrew owes Betty some monay. him, not to her.

III. Traduceti urmatoarele propozitii in limba engleza:

1. Descrie-ne peisajul. 2. Te rog dicteza-mi traducerea cuvintelor noi. 3. Comunica-le vestea grozava. 4. I-am cumparat sotului meu o cravata foarte draguta. 5. Medalia de aur a fost acordata sportivei romane pentru performanta ei extraordinara. 6. Nu este nevoie sa-mi inapoiezi cartea. Ti-o fac cadou.

IV. Completati spatiile libere cu prepozitiile care lipsesc pentru a forma complemente prepozitionale:

1. She never speaks this subject. 2. She waited. you for half an hour. 3. He still depends. his parents. 4. Do you agree. me? 5. The boy insisted doing it himself. 6. Please, lookthe book I've bought.

V. Transformati propozitiile urmatoare pentru a folosi verbele din paranteza, verbe urmate de elemete predicative suplimentare:

Exemplu:

The best speaker was their representative. (make)

They made the best speaker their representative.

1. The wisest man was their president. (choose) 2. The boy was given the name of William. (call) 3. Mr White was their director. (appoint) 4. She was the winner. (proclaim). 5. He was the commander of the army (declare). 6. Richard was their secretary. (elect)

VI. Folositi prepozitia to inaintea infintivului acolo unde este cazul, in constructiile Acuzativ cu infinitiv sau Nominativ cu infinitiv:

1. He is said (be) the best football player of the national team. 2. Did you see her (play) this part? 3. They expected us (come) on Sunday. 4. I noticed him (leave) the house. 5. I considered her (be) my best friend. 6. We have often heard him (speak) like this. 7. The teacher wanted the pupils (listen) to his explanation. 8. I felt him (move) in the room. 9. We saw him (leave) the building. 10. He is considered (be) a great scienticist.

VII. Transferati constructiile Acuzativ cu infinitiv in constructii Nominativ cu infinitiv.

Exemplu: They knew him to be a good doctor.

He was known to be a good doctor.

1. We expected her to speak first. 2. They thought him to be gifted in painting. 3. I heard him whistle. 4. We advised him to take it easy. 5. They told us to wait. 6. The teacher asked him to explain the rule. 7. We saw him leave the room. 8. We consider his methods to be very interesting.

VIII. Puneti complementele circumstantiale din paranteze la locul potrivit in propozitie:

1. I am working on my graduation project (now). 2. He has had his dinner (already). 3. These flowers grow (rapidly, in dark places.). 4. The last lesson was difficult (unusually); this one is easy (enough). 5. I have believed them (never). 6. His behaviour cannot be explained (entirely).

7. Our teacher speaks English (very well). He speaks English (in the classroom, always). 8. That author doesntt write true stories (actually). 9. You can excuse yourself for that reason (hardly). 10. He comes (sometimes, on Saturday, to my place). 11. He goes to the the seaside (usually, in July). 12. Look at those sentences (tonight).

IX. Puneti atributele din paranteza la locul potrivit in propozitie:

1. We had a long talk with somebody (intelligent). 2 That child is my son (fair-haired). 3. I can't believe that story (long, of your friend). 4. There are plenty of sights in town (historical of Brasov). 5. He is a man (handssome, with strong features.). 6. Have you seen the inscription (oldest, extant)? 7. We bought some wine (dry, red, inexpensive). 8. She was looking at Valley (wide, beautiful, green)

pag: 219

X. Subliniati apozitiile:

1. You look tired, Aunt Mary. 2. Have you read Chavy Chase, the oldest historical English ballad?. 3. Professor Jones will lecture on modern art. 4. Yesterday I met the Smithe, the friends of my youth. 5. Do you know the old saying 'First come, first served'?. 6. We admired the exhibits, especiallythe national costumes7. London is crossed by the river Thames. 8. There was only one carriage in the village and that was old Tom's the baker.

XI. Traduceti in limba engleza:

Rosu Gheorghe este soldatul cel mai mic, nu numai din grupa sau din plutonul lui, ci din intreaga companie. Era atat de mic, incat abia reusise la recrutare sa nu fie reformat. De fapt la inceput il si reformasera, dupa ce mai intai fusese amanat de doua ori in doi ani si daca in satul lui acest lucru n-ar fi fost socotit drept o daovada definitiva de infirmitate, Rosu Gheorghe ar fi putut sa ia imediat trenul de la centrul de recrutare si sa plece in aceeiasi zi acasa. In aceeasi zi insa, tot satul ar fi stiut ca nu e bun de armata, si in primul rand fetele.. Era originar de prin Banat. Asa se face ca, dandu-se jos de pe cantarul medical, Rosu Gheorghe nu iesise din sala, ci se retrasese mai incolo, tacut si trist, intarziind cat putuse de mult in timpul imbracatului. Cu ochiul lui panditor de banatean linistit observase insa ca nimeni nu era tent la el. Si atunci se amestecase cu ceilalti care veneau la rand, se deybracase si se prezentase iar in fata comisiei.