Pescuit
Analiza produsilor de restrictie ai regiunii mitocondriale extinse de la salmonideAnaliza produsilor de restrictie ai regiunii mitocondriale extinse de la salmonide Scopul nostru a fost implementarea unei metode simple si eficiente care sa fie utilizata pentru a detecta cu precizie exemplarele apartinand diferitelor specii de salmonide din Romania. Identificarea s-a realizat prin amplificarea cu ajutorul tehnicii PCR a unei regiuni mitocondriale extinse (care cuprinde regiunea D-loop, dar si gena codificatoare pentru citocrom b si ARNt) cu primeri specifici, urmata de digestia ampliconilor cu enzima de restrictie Hinf I (Figurile 11-12).
Figura 11 . Electroforeza in gel de agaroza 2,5% pentru evidentierea produsilor reactiei de restrictie cu Hinf I pentru regiunea mitocondriala extinsa la 3 specii de salmonide. M - Marker de masa moleculara 100 pb; 1, 2 - Salvelinus fontinalis, 3, 4 - Hucho hucho, 5, 6 - Thymallus thymallus.
Figura 12. Electroforeza in gel de agaroza 2,5% pentru evidentierea produsilor reactiei de restrictie cu Hinf I pentru regiunea mitocondriala extinsa la 3 specii de salmonide. M - Marker de masa moleculara 100 pb; 1, 2 - Salmo trutta labrax, 3, 4 - Salmo trutta, 5, 6 - Onchorhyncus mykiss. In urma analizei Figurilor 11 si 12 se observa ca scindarea ampliconilor cu endonucleaza de restrictie Hinf I, urmata de analiza produsilor rezultati in gel de agaroza poate identifica diferentele dintre diferitele specii de salmonide. Tehnica pusa astfel la punct poate fi utilizata cu succes in identificarea moleculara a diferitelor specii de salmonide si poate fi testata si pentru analize moleculare ale hibrizilor dintre diferite specii. Detectarea acestor hibrizi in mediul natural ar reprezenta o realizare majora in sustinerea eforturilor de conservare a fondului salmonicol. CONCLUZII Prin extragerea AND mt și amplificarea genelor ce codifica pentru ARN ribozomal 16 S,12 S și ARN de transfer s-au putut secvenția,iar in urma alinieri secvențelor proprii cu secvețe similare din GenBank s-au observat diferențele in succesiunea de nucleotide.Secvențele s-au aliniat cu ajutorul programului ClustalX iar cu ajutorul metodelor de distanța(fenetice) NJ și UPMGA și a metodelor de caractere(cladistice) MP și ML s-au realizat construirea arborilor filogenetici. Optimizarea protocolului PCR pentru regiunea D-Loop a fost realizat tot in vederea secvențieri și alcatuirea unor arbori filogenetici. Cu ajutorul tehnici PCR-RFLP prin amplificarea unei regiuni mitocondriale extinse(tRNA Glu_cyt b_tRNA Thr_D-Loop_tRNA Phe) și scindarea ampliconilor cu endonucleaze de restrictie și analiza fragmentelor rezultate in gel de agaroza se poate identifica diferentele dintre specii rezultate in urma unor mutați la nivelul situsurilor de restricție.Pe baza profilelor de restriție se creaza o amprenta specifica unei anumite specii. In urma experimentelor realizate pe baza ADN mitocondrial s-au putut evidenția relațile de filogenie dintre cele 6 speci de salmonide prezente pe teritoriul Romaniei. BIBLIOGRAFIE
Anderson S, Bankier A.T, Barrell B.G, De Bruijn M.H., Coulson A.R., Drouin J, Nierlich D.P., Roe B.A., Sanger F, Schreier P.H., Smith AJ, Staden R., Young IR (1981) - Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 290: 457-465. Antipa, G. 1909. Fauna Ichtiologica a Romaniei. Inst. Arte Grafice Carol Göbl, Bucuresti: 200-209. Apostolidis A. P., Loukovitis D., Tsigenopoulos C. S. (2007) Genetic characterization of brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) populations from the Southern Balkans using mtDNA sequencing and RFLP analysis. Hydrobiologia, Springer. Banarescu, P. (1964) Fauna Republicii Populare Romine. Piscies-Osteichthyes (Pesti ganoizi si ososi) Volumul XIII. Ed. Academiei R.P.R., Bucuresti: 263-264. Bernatchez, L. & Danzmann, R.G. (1993). Congruence in control-region sequence and restriction site variation in mitochondrial DNA of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill). Molecular Biology and Evolution 10, 1002-1014. Bernatchez, L. & Osinov, A. (1995). Genetic diversity of trout (genus Salmo) from its most eastern native range based on mitochondrial DNA and nuclear gene variation. Molecular Ecology 4, 285-297. Blanco C. 1995. La trucha cría industrial. Editorial Mundi prensa, Espana, 1-503 Brown, G., Gadaleta, G., Pepe, G., Saccone, C., Sbisa, E. 1986. Structural conservation and variation in the D-loop containing region of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 192:503-511; Brown, W. M., George M., Wilson A.C., 1979. Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 76/4, 1967-1971. Carausu, S. 1962. Tratat de Ichtiologie. Ed. Academiei Republicii Populare Romane: 385-391. Clayton D.A. (1984) Transcription of the mammalian mitochondrial genome. Ann Rev Bioch 53:573-594. Clayton, D. A. (1982). Replication of animal DNA. Cell 28: 693-705. Crespi, B.J., Fulton M.J. 2004. Molecular systematics of Salmonidae: combined nuclear data yields a robust phylogeny, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 31 (2004) 658-679; Doiron S., Blier P.U., Bernatchez L. (1999) - NCBI Access N° AF154851. Doiron S., Blier P.U., Bernatchez L. (2002) - NCBI Access N° NC000860. Domanico, M. J., Phillips, R. B., Oakley, T. H. (1997). Phylogenetic analysis of the Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54: 1865-1872. Dorofeyeva, E. A. 1989. The basic principles of classification and phylogeny of the salmonid fishes (Salmoniformes: Salmonoidei: Salmonidae). In ''Biology and Phylogeny of Fishes'' (V. M. Korovinoi, Ed.), pp. 5-16. USSR Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the Zoological Institute 201, St. Petersburg; Ginatulina, L.K., Shedko, S.V., Miroshnichenko, I.L., and Ginatulin, A.A., Divergence of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences in Pacific Salmonids, Zh. Evolyuts. Biokhim.Fiziol., 1988, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 477-482; Ginatulina, L.K., Shedko, S.V., Miroshnichenko, I.L., and Ginatulin, A.A., Divergence of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences in Pacific Salmonids, Zh. Evolyuts. Biokhim.Fiziol., 1988, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 477-482. Grewe, P.M., Billington, N., and Hebert, P.D.N., Phylogenetic Relationships among Members of Salvelinus Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Divergence, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 1990, vol. 47, pp. 984-991; Gyllensten, U. and Wilson, A.C., Mitochondrial DNA of Salmonids: Inter-and Intraspecific Variability Detected with Restriction Enzymes, in Population Genetics and Fishery Management, Seattle: Univ. Wash. Press, 1987, pp. 301-318; Hurst C.D., Bartlett S.E., Davidson W.S., Bruce I.J., (1999) - The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial DNA of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Gene 239: 237-242. Kendall, A.W.,Jr., Behnke, R.J. 1984. Salmonidae: Development and relationships. In ''Ontogeny and Systematics of Fishes'' (H. G.Moser, Ed.), pp. 142-149. Am. Soc. of Icthyol. Herpetol. Spec.Publ. 1. Kitano, T., Matsuoka, N., and Saitou, N., Phylogenetic Relationship of the Genus Oncorhynchus Species Inferred from Nuclear and Mitochondrial Markers, Genes Genet. Syst. 1997, vol. 72, pp. 25-34; Kottelat, M., Freyhof J. 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Kottelat, Cornol, Switzerland, Freyhof, Berlin, Germany: 429-430. Kumazawa, Y., Ota, H., Nishida, M., Ozawa, T., 1996. Gene rearrangements in snake mitochondrial genomes: highly concerted evolution of control-region-like sequences duplicated and inserted into a tRNA gene cluster. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13, 1242-1254. Meyer, A. and A.C. Wilson. 1990. Origin of tetrapods inferred from their mitochondrial DNA affiliation to lungfish. J. Mol. Evol. 31: 359-364; Meyer, A., Dolven, S.I., 1992. Molecules, fossils, and the origin of tetrapods. J. Mol. Evol. 35 (2), 102-113, Review; Miya M., Nishida M. (2000) - Use of Mitogenomic Information in Teleostean Molecular Phylogenetics: A Tree-Based Exploration under the Maximum- Parsimony Optimality Criterion. Mol Phylogenet Evol 17: 437-455 McKay, S. J., Devlin, R. H., Smith, M. J. (1996). Phylogeny of Pacific salmon and trout based on growth hormone type-2 (GH2) and mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 (ND3) DNA sequences. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 1165-1176. Neave F. 1958. The origin and speciation of Oncorhynchus. Trans R. Soc. Can. 551:25-39. Norden, A. 1961. Comparative osteology of representative salmonid fishes, with particular reference to the grayling (Thymallus arcticus) and its phylogeny. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 8: 679-791. Oakley T. H., Phillips R.B. Phylogeny of Salmonine Fishes Based on Growth Hormone Introns: Atlantic (Salmo) and Pacific (Oncorhynchus) Salmon Are Not Sister Taxa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 11, No. 3, April, pp. 381-393, 1999. Ohara, I., Sawano, K., and Okazaki, T., Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Analysis of the Masu Salmon-Phylogeny in the Genus Oncorhynchus, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 1997, vol. 7, pp. 71-78. Otel V. 2007. Atlasul pestilor din Rezervatia Biosferei Delta Dunarii. Centrul de Informare Tehnologica Delta Dunarii, Tulcea: 145 - 147. Otel, V. 2000. Lista Rosie a speciilor de plante si animale din Rezervatia Biosferei Delta Dunarii Romania. Fundatia Aves: 84. Phillips RB, Oakley TH (1997)- Phylogenetic relationships among the Salmonidae based on nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA sequences. In: KOCHER T, STEPIEN C. Molecular Systematics of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp:145-162. Phillips, R.B., Sajdak, S.L., and Domanico, M.J., Relationships among Chars Based on DNA Sequences, Nordic J. Fresh. Res., 1995, vol. 71, pp. 378-391. Popescu-Gorj, A., Dumitriu, M. 1956. Somonul Marii Negre (Salmo trutta labrax Pall) migrator in Dunare si baltile inundabile.Bul. Inst. Cerc. Pisc., 15, 4, 31-37. Radu, Ghe., Radu, E. 2008a. Atlas al principalelor specii de pesti din Marea Neagra. Editura Virom, Constanta: 50-51. Radu, Ghe., Radu, E. 2008b. Determinator al principalelor specii de pesti din Marea Neagra. Editura Virom, Constanta: 85-86. Saccone, C., Attimonelli, M., and Sbisa, E. (1987). Structural elements highly preserved during the evolution of the D-loop containing region in vertebrate mitochondrial DNA. J. Mol. Evol. 26: 205-211; Shadel GS, Clayton DA (1997) - Mitochondrial DNA maintenance in vertebrates. Ann Rev Biochem 66: 409-435 Shedlock, A.M., Parker, J.D., Crispin, D.A., Evolution of the Salmonid Mitochondrial Control Region, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 1992, vol. 1, pp. 179-192. Stearley, R.F. 1992. Historical ecology of Salmoninae, with specia reference to Oncorhynchus. In ''Systematics, Historical Ecology, and North American Freshwater Fishes'' (R. L. Mayden, Ed.), Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, CA. Svetovidov, A.N. 1964. Pestii din Marea Neagra (rus). Izdatelstvo Naulea, Moskva si Leningrad: 143-146. Thomas, W.K., Beckenbach, A.T. 1989. Variation in Salmonid Mitochondrial DNA: Evolutionary Constrains and Mechanisms of Substitution, J. Mol. Evol., vol. 29, p. 233-245; Thomas, W.K., Withler, R.E., and Beckenbach, A.T., Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Pacific Salmonid Evolution, Can. J. Zool., 1986, vol. 64, pp. 1058-1064; Utter F., Allendorf F. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships among species of Oncorhynchus: a consensus view. Conserv Biol, 8:864-867; Vlaic, A., 1997, Inginerie genetica. Realizari, sperante si nelinisti. Ed. Promedia Plus, Cluj-Napoca; Wolstenholme D.R. (1992) Animal mitochondrial DNA: structure and evolution. Int Rev Cytol 141:173-216. Zardoya R., Garrido-Pertierra A., Bautista J.M. (1995) - The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial DNA genome of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. J Mol Evol 41: 942-951.
|